Forms of Public Interaction with Working Women’s Issues Through “Facebook” Pages A Field Study

Prepared by the researcher 

• Dr. Noha Sabri Muhammad Al-Qatawneh – Ph.D. in Electronic Journalism and Media Legislation at the Institute of Journalism and News Sciences – Manouba University – Tunisia – Kingdom of Jordan
• Dr. Marian Tadrous – Ph.D. in Strategic Media – School of Communication and the Arts – Liberty University – United States of America

Democratic Arab Center

Journal of Media Studies : Twenty-third Issue – May 2023

A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin

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Abstract

The study aimed to identify the forms of public interaction with working women’s issues on the “Facebook” pages and used the descriptive approach using the sample survey method for data collection. There is a statistically significant correlation between the exposure to the issues of working women and the percentage of turnout for them. Also, there are statistically significant differences between the forms of interaction of the Egyptian and Jordanian public with the issues of working women and in the direction of Jordanian people. The authors also recommended the need for media institutions to conduct awareness campaigns among society members.

Introduction:

Working women suffer from many problems that negatively affect their job performance in the work environment, such as discrimination between men and women, given that they are a weak element unable to complete tasks with a high degree of efficiency like men, in addition to exposure to defamation and sexual extortion by co-workers. Arab society views women’s work as something extra and undesirable.

Interactivity is network journalism’s most prominent communication characteristic, based on the simultaneous exchange of roles between the sender and receiver.

With its characteristics and interactive applications, the digital environment has opened new horizons for journalism. Interactive networks, which witnessed a strong presence of media institutions on the web represented in newspapers and news channels, provide opportunities for interaction with topics and issues in various forms by providing different forms of interaction for their users, especially the interaction with ideas and visions with working women’s issues represented in “racism, jealousy, backbiting and gossip, defamation, harassment of co-workers” in the study sample pages.

Social networking sites are also important media for network journalism, as they have enabled social media workers to publish issues of public interest and live coverage of news and its transmission in text, audio, and image worldwide. Therefore, the current study will examine: Forms of audience interaction with working women’s issues through “Facebook” pages.

Literature Review:

Previous studies varied between studies concerned with studying the extent to which users of news pages interact on social media with the content provided to them, others involved with the forms of interaction with those sites and a third concerned with current events. The relationship between the exchange of the conditions of Facebook page users and working women’s issues. The studies were arranged in descending order from the newest to the oldest as follows:

Hebatallah (2022). aimed to reveal the extent of the effectiveness of social networking sites in marketing Egyptian women’s issues on “Facebook,” and the results showed: There is a diversity of issues included in the page’s publications, although the issues of economic empowerment are at the forefront of these issues, followed by health empowerment in light of the Corona pandemic, and political empowerment in a way that is consistent with the goals of sustainable development 2030, it is considered that the page is lacking in interactivity; Where it neglected the essential role of social networking sites in managing an open, two-way dialogue with the public, while the study of Noha Sabri (Noha Sabri, 2022,193) sought to reveal the levels of media coverage of legislation related to the protection of Jordanian women’s rights on “Facebook” pages, and the results showed: There are statistically significant differences between the pages of the “Jordanian TV” channel and the “Roya” channel in interaction with admiration, comment, and participation with topics related to protection legislation and Jordanian women’s rights. Magdy Maurice (Magdy Maurice, 2021).focused on revealing the relationship between adolescents’ use of social networking sites, depression, and others. It concluded that a statistically significant correlation exists between adolescents’ use of social networking sites, depression, and others—self-esteem and Gender as mediating variables. In the direction of the “Jordanian TV” channel page, the study of Ahmed Abdel-Reheem (Ahmed, Abd El-Reheem, 2020). focused on knowing the use of university students for “Facebook” and “Twitter,” and the activities they perform on these sites and understanding the motives for their use And the results showed: that the students used Facebook to discuss social and religious issues to a large extent, followed by Twitter to discuss the political problems, and the motives for their use of these sites came to know what is happening around them, to learn and to understand life, and the study of Mona Hamdy (2020). By identifying the role of social media in dealing with violence against women? Objectives and the results showed: that social media is more daring and freer to publish violations against women, especially sexual harassment, Kankanmge (Kankanmge, N, 2020, p.48). to reveal the effectiveness of social networking sites as a tool to enhance the role of the international community in facing global crises and disasters, and the results showed: that social media publications about raising awareness of global crises and disasters receive great societal interest, especially if they are accompanied by animated pictures and maps, as their effectiveness increases in developing understanding and enhancing levels of community participation:

Comments on the Literature Review:

Through the researcher’s review of the last scientific heritage, the researchers noted the following:

• The Arab and foreign schools agreed on the importance of social media interaction, as it is a means that allows the user to interact with media content that includes various topics and issues related to current events on digital platforms.
• The previous studies represented a rich scientific stock from which the researchers derived a sound scientific vision of the subject of the study. The previous studies also contributed to identifying some important informative dimensions that take part in the cognitive framework of the study. By reviewing the previous studies, it is clear that they helped the researchers as follows:
• Forming a clear vision of the research problem regarding its identification, formulation, and general framework.
• Assisting in determining the appropriate scientific method and defining proper tools for data collection.
• Determine the study sample and its field of application.
• Determining the appropriate theoretical framework for the nature of the study, represented in the theory of the “symbolic interaction approach,” which leads to the ability to formulate questions and define the field study community and how to draw the sample from it.
• Formulating the study’s hypotheses and questions in a scientific way that achieves its objectives based on the results.
• Utilizing them in designing the questionnaire sheet.
• Benefiting from it in analyzing, interpreting, and commenting on the results in a correct scientific manner, as the theoretical frameworks of previous studies that were commented on in the current study are related to the forms of public interaction with working women’s issues through the “Facebook” pages.

The Research Problem:

Women suffer from many challenges in the work environment because of racial discrimination between them and men by employers, believing that women are less efficient or responsible than men in accomplishing tasks. She must succeed, be creative, and perform tasks in her work environment, in addition to the harassment that women are exposed to in work institutions, such as “jealousy, backbiting and gossip, defamation, and harassment of co-workers,” which leads to a decline in her role in society.

By reviewing previous studies, interactive networking journalism acquires special importance for its users, as the public relies on it to obtain information and news about violence against women. It is confirmed by scientific literature about the subject of the study and concerning the forms of interaction of users with working women’s issues on the two pages of the newspaper. “Al-Ahram” and “Al-Masry Al-Youm” newspapers, so the problem of the study revolves around a main question that says: What are the forms of public interaction with working women’s issues through “Facebook” pages? In light of the social presence of the audience of news platforms on the network.

The Significance of the Study:

• The theoretical importance of the research is due to focusing on forms of public interaction with working women’s issues through social networking sites. “Facebook” is an important media tool that benefits young people in knowing the latest developments about the problems and harassment women face and the reasons that led to that and understanding their reactions towards them.
• As for the applied importance of the research, it stems from the audience’s benefit from the pages of “Al-Ahram” newspaper and “Al-Masry Al-Youm” newspaper; to find out the latest news related to working women’s issues and patterns of interaction with them. It is an important media field in providing the latest news and introducing the public to its latest developments to reach new and innovative theories and perceptions in the relationship between the public and the new media.

Objectives of the Study:

The study aims to identify the following main objective: the forms of public interaction with working women’s issues through “Facebook” pages.

The following sub-objectives emerge from the main objective:

(1) Identify the relationship between the follow-up of the sample members to the issues of working women in the study sample pages and the degree of benefit from them.

(2) Disclosure of the relationship between the exposure of the sample members to the issues of working women in the study sample pages and the turnout rate for them.

(3) Explain the differences between the forms of interaction between the Egyptian and Jordanian public with working women on the study sample pages.

Study questions:

The study is concerned with achieving its objectives by answering the following main question: What are the forms of public interaction with issues of violence against women on Facebook pages?

The following sub-questions emerge from this question:

(4) What is the relationship between the sample members’ follow-up of working women’s issues on the study sample pages and the degree of benefit from them?

(5) What is the relationship between the exposure to working women issues and their turnout percentage?

(6) Are there any differences between the forms of interaction of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public with the issues of working women in the study sample pages?

Study Hypotheses:

The study seeks to achieve the objectives and answer its questions by testing the three main hypotheses:

(1) There is a statistically significant correlation between the sample members’ follow-up of working women’s issues on the study sample pages and the degree of benefit from them.

(2) There is a statistically significant correlation between the exposure of the sample members to the issues of working women in the study sample pages and the turnout rate for them.

(3) There are statistically significant differences between the forms of interaction of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public with the issues of working women in the study sample pages.

The Study Sample:

The researchers applied their study on a sample of (420) individuals from the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public following the issues of the study sample on the pages of electronic newspapers on “Facebook”, ranging in age from (18: 30, 35 and over), which is the available sample, through the acceptance of the researchers to subscribe In the study; In view of what the methodology used allows for obtaining and classifying the data of the respondents, and drawing and interpreting the results, by employing the researchers for an electronic questionnaire sheet, which they applied to the Egyptian and Jordanian public following the cases of the study sample, by referring to them in collecting and inventorying the information required to identify the contents related to the issues of working women who it arouses their interest, from the formulation and setting of questions and hypotheses to the final stage, which is represented in answering the questions and accepting or rejecting the hypotheses. The reasons that prompted the researchers to choose that sample, which carries the most accurate representation of the society drawn from it, are also due to generalizing the results of the study to the entire community based on the following justifications:

• The researchers chose the sample of the Egyptian public and Jordanian public sample to describe the subject as a category and segment representing an active sector in human society. In addition, young people in this period love curiosity and disclosure of working women’s issues that arouse their interest.
• In social networking sites, there are audiences of different age levels, and a diverse level of education, males and females, which provides researchers with a sample that correctly represents the original community of young people within the community. So the sample was distributed among users of the study sample pages on the social networking site “Facebook” by (230) males, (and 190) females to identify the forms of interaction of the respondents with the issues of working women. It was considered when selecting the sample to represent males and females. According to demographic variables (20), questionnaires were deleted due to lacking credibility in numbering and honesty in providing information. The sample that was used (400) from the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public is represented by males and females, and it can be described as follows:

Table (1) Description of the study sample according to demographic variables (n =400)

         The data in the previous table indicates the following

1. A. Gender: males came in the lead with a rate of (55%), followed by females with a rate of (45%). The researchers attribute the higher percentage of male follow-up than females to the tendencies and attitudes of male students towards follow-up because the nature of participation towards current events requires a kind of boldness and initiative, In addition to the different nature of the type and size.
2. Age: The results showed that the age group (18:30) came with a high rate of (69.5%), followed by the age group (35 and over) with a rate of (30.5%).
3. Educational level: The results of the study revealed that the respondents with a university qualification came in the forefront with a rate of (58.75%), followed by postgraduates with a rate of (26.25%), and then those with an intermediate qualification with a rate of (15%), which indicates: Those with a qualification Postgraduate is the category that is most interested in following up on working women’s issues, and this is because they have a higher density than the rest of the educational levels.
4. Geographical distribution: The results revealed that the respondents from the Egyptian public came in the forefront with a rate of (62.5%), followed by the Jordanian public with a rate of (37.5%), which indicates: The “Egyptian” category is the most popular category for following up on the issue under study and interacting with it. This is because the Egyptian audience has a high density.

Study Population: Human society is represented by the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public following the issues of working women on the pages of electronic newspapers on “Facebook,” and due to the large number of sites based on coverage of current events, the researchers found it difficult to apply to those sites, so the researchers resorted to conducting a survey study on a sample It consists of (12) members from the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public, to find out the most important of these pages on the network. The pages based on coverage of current events came according to the sample’s follow-up as follows: the “Al-Ahram” newspaper page, followed by the “Al-Masry Al-Youm” page, followed by the “Al-Masry Al-Youm” newspaper page. Al-Jumhuriya”, and finally, following other pages, and the previous result indicates that the pages of “Al-Ahram” newspaper and “Al-Masry Al-Youm” newspaper got any percentage of follow-up.

The Limits of the Study

• Human boundaries: represented in a sample of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public following working women’s issues on the pages of “Al-Ahram” newspaper and “Al-Masry Al-Youm” newspaper on the social networking site “Facebook.” Their ages ranged between (18:30 and 35 and over).
• Spatial borders: limited to the “Arab Republic of Egypt, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,” where members of the Egyptian public reside and the Jordanian public following the issues of the study sample through the “Facebook” pages.
• Objective boundaries: limited to working women’s issues on the study sample pages via “Facebook.” These issues are “racism, jealousy, backbiting and gossip, defamation, and harassment of co-workers.”
• Time limits: It is the period during which the researchers conducted the study on a sample of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public following the issues of working women on the study sample pages, from 1/5/2022 to 30/6/2022.
• The study tool: a questionnaire was applied to a deliberate sample of (400) individuals from the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public following working women issues through the “Facebook” pages from 1/5/2022 to 30/6/2022.

Study Type and Methodology:

This study belongs to the descriptive studies, which depend mainly on the use of the sample survey method through the questionnaire, which is one of the most prominent methods used in the field of media studies, to find out the forms of public interaction with working women’s issues through the “Facebook” pages, and we have used this approach Because it is the ideal way to collect data from the respondents and to provide an organized scientific effort to obtain data and information and explore the media phenomenon, as the sample survey method is the tool that suits the nature of the sample of the Egyptian public following the issues of working women in the study sample pages, which was applied to it through an electronic questionnaire sheet on the Internet. Accordingly, the forms of interaction of the sample members with the issues under study were deduced.

Study Variables:

• The independent variable: the issues of working women on Facebook page
• Dependent variable: forms of interaction.

The Knowledge Frame of the Study

Facebook and working women’s issues:

            A social network that allows its users to socialize and exchange news, information, photos, and videos without being restricted by time or place (Samia Awaj, 2020, 177).

     Violence against women is behavior directed at women based on force and bickering with varying degrees of discrimination, persecution, oppression, and aggression. This results from unequal power relations between men and women in society and the family, which takes various psychological and physical damage (Yassin Qarnani, 2017, 177).

There are many problems that women face in the work environment through “Facebook” pages (Noha Al-Sadawi, 2015), including:

• Racism: It is represented in the individual’s treatment of his colleagues inappropriately and unequally, such as the bias of work managers towards men because the efficiency of men’s work is better than women’s, despite the ability of women to accomplish these tasks, which means the marginalization of women and not allowing them to prove her practical ability, by entrusting her with the completion of simple tasks in the work environment, in addition to the existence of racial discrimination by officials to people other than you with whom they have a relationship of nepotism or interest.
• Jealousy: It is represented by the mockery of women’s ability to accomplish great tasks in the work environment by some colleagues who use all methods to trap successful women in failure and set traps and intrigues. This causes frustration and despair due to falling into the net of their negative jealousy.
• Backbiting and Gossip: It is represented in the abundance of gossip full of rumors and wrong words. Women are creative in filling their free time or out of entertainment, and sometimes out of jealousy or disagreements that occur in the work environment, so talking increases here and there.
• Defamation: It is when people of weak morals and morals persecute their colleagues by relying on the principle of defaming their reputation in the work environment.
• Harassment of co-workers: Some women working in mixed places may be subjected to harassment from colleagues or auditors in the workplace. This manifests by throwing phrases and hazing or taking immoral behavior contrary to respect, which may make women feel humiliated and embarrassed, full of fear and silence.

Reasons for violence against working women:

Women are exposed to many forms of violence in the workplace, which causes them psychological and physical harm. The causes of violence against working women are social, psychological, and economic motives. The causes of violence against women are multiple (WHO, 2017), including:

• antisocial personality disorder.
• Harmful use of alcohol.
• Behaviors that tend to accept violence and gender inequality.

Manifestations of Violence Against Working Women:

Manifestations of violence against working women centered materially and morally, i.e., physical, psychological, and sexual violence (Yassin Qarnani, 2017, 177), including:

• Physical manifestations of violence: beating, burning, killing, rape, and deprivation of financial or interest rights.
• Moral manifestations of violence: denial of safety and tranquility, degradation of dignity and consideration, exclusion from role and function, disturbance of the balance and equivalence available to achieve this, such as insulting, humiliation, contempt, abuse, deprivation, threats, domination, abuse, and physical liquidation.

Interacting with working women’s issues via “Facebook”:

It is the extent to which networked journalism provides its users with interactive digital windows that allow them to communicate through various forms of interaction. Whether by commenting or sharing media content with friends via social networking sites or participating in editing the content by adding a video clip in the different ways of expression available on the site (Hamidah bin Mazouz, Muhammad Al-Bashir, 2019, 263).

And “Facebook”: a digital network that carries pictures and information in a specific university or institution (Muhammad Ali, Imad Aqila, 2019, 12). Especially interacting with working women’s issues in the “Al-Ahram” and “Al-Masry Al-Youm” newspapers.

      Interactivity is an essential feature of electronic news media, allowing users to publicly record their reactions to a video or news article (Schmitz Weiss, De Macedo Joyce, 2017).

Forms of interaction with working women’s issues in the study sample pages:

There were many forms of interaction with the issue of violence against women on Facebook pages, including:

• LIKES Records: It is an interactive feature that allows the user to show his admiration for the content provided through social media applications in all its forms, whether institutions, channels, or newspapers (Shaima al-Hawari, Mahmoud Muhammad, 2022, 236).
• Interaction through writing comments: It is when the user expresses his opinion positively or negatively about the content provided to him on the network, in addition to writing his thoughts and experiences on the page he follows (Rebecca Marie Achen, 2015, p12-13)
• Share Posts: It means the sharing by users of the content provided by the news pages on the social networking site “Facebook” and its circulation among users via the user’s e-mail or publishing it on a joint group between users or another social networking site (Khaled Mahdi, 2018, 59).

Validity and Reliability:

Procedures for the validity and reliability of the questionnaire sheet:

A questionnaire newspaper was applied to a sample of the Egyptian and Jordanian public who used the “Facebook” pages, the study sample, to identify the contents related to women’s issues that interest them. The questionnaire validity was verified by presenting it to a group of professors in media to update the form according to their instructions. The questionnaire was applied in the period from 1/5/2022 to 30/6/2022. The researchers depending on the method of re-testing in calculating the stability of the questionnaire results, researchers collected the data and conducted a study on (5%) of the total sample of the field study (20) individuals using ” Cronbach’s alpha coefficient,” which indicates a high degree of consistency between the respondents’ responses. The following table shows us the calculation of the value of the stability coefficient for the questionnaire:

Table (2) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to measure the stability of the form (n = 300)

                    The data of the previous table indicates the following:

• The value of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient came with a high rate of (0.90), which means that the stability coefficient is high, as it indicates that there is no significant difference in the respondents’ responses and that the questionnaire sheet is applicable.

Statistical Analysis:

After completing the field study data collection, the data was encoded and entered into the computer, then processed and analyzed, and statistical results were extracted using the statistical package for social sciences program known as “SPSS” by resorting to the following statistical tests, namely: (statistical ratios and frequencies the simple questions of the questionnaire, the Pearson correlation coefficient to find the intensity and direction of the relationship between the follow-up of the sample members to the issues of working women in the pages of the study sample and the degree of benefit from them, as well as finding the relationship between the exposure of the sample members to the issues of working women in the pages of the study sample, and the rate of turnout for them, as well as finding differences between Forms of the interaction of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public with the issues of working women in the study sample pages.

Results:

The sample of the field study was the age group (18: 30, 35 and over) of the Egyptian youth, as it included a sample of (400) individuals from the “Egyptian public, the Jordanian public following women’s issues on the Facebook pages” of the study sample, in addition to the results of the validity test hypotheses and linking them to the questions and objectives of the study. The following is a presentation of the results of the study:

Table (3) Electronic newspaper pages that respondents are keen to follow on Facebook (n=400) (You can choose more than one alternative))

 The data of the previous table indicates the following:

• (37.5%) of the respondents confirmed that they followed the page of “Al-Ahram” newspaper, followed by the page of “Al-Masry Al-Youm” (32.5%), then the page of “Al-Gomhoria” newspaper (22.5%), and finally, they follow other pages by (7.5%). The previous result indicates that the pages of “Al-Ahram” newspaper and “Al-Masry Al-Youm” newspaper got a follow-up percentage, which suggests that they depend on it as an important source for obtaining content related to the issues under study.

Table (4) Respondents’ follow-up of working women’s issues in the study sample pages (n = 400)

 The data of the previous table indicates the following:

• (63.75%) of the respondents confirmed that they follow up on working women’s issues to a very large extent on the study sample pages, followed by follow-up to a large extent by (20%), and finally follow-up in spare time by (16.25%), and this indicates: they are exposed to these issues With high intensity and the extent of its importance to them and the resulting conflict, males dominate decision-making, which leads to creating tension in the relationship between men and women in the work environment as a result of discrimination by their superiors, in addition to not giving women enough spaces to express their opinions, and the interactive news pages It aims to attract the largest number of audiences and open a way to enrich the interactive discussion on issues of interest to the public.

Table (5) Public exposure to working women’s issues in the study sample pages (you can choose more than one alternative) (n = 200), (n = 200), (n = 400)

The data in the previous table indicates the following:

• (29%) of the respondents confirmed that they follow up on women’s issues related to backbiting and gossip, followed by racism with a rate of (24%), then defamation, harassment of co-workers, followed by racism with a rate of (17.5%), and finally electronic harassment with a rate of (11.5%).
• In the case of males following up on working women’s issues on the pages of the study sample: (27.5%) of the sample confirmed that they follow backbiting and gossip, followed by harassment of co-workers at a rate of (25%), then racism and defamation at a rate of (17.5%), and finally jealousy at a rate of (12.5%). %).
• With regard to females following up on working women’s issues on the pages of the study sample: (30.5%) of the sample confirmed that they are following up on racism, backbiting and gossip, followed by defamation by (18%), and finally jealousy and harassment of co-workers by (10.5%), which indicates The interest of the study sample in following up on working women’s issues through “Facebook” pages, which enjoy high credibility and well-known sources, given that it is a widespread scientific phenomenon that transcends geographical and cultural borders in different societies, resulting from the low lack of cultural and educational awareness of the family and its difference between men and women, as well as low academic level, which leads to harassment of women in the work environment, lack of recognition of their rights and duties, and neglect of their role in society, as shown: the presence of male superiority in terms of following up on cases of jealousy and harassment of co-workers, and this may indicate that they are more aware and aware of the issues that They follow it, and there is also a female superiority: in terms of following up on issues of race, backbiting, gossip, defamation, and this indicates that the existing pages dealing with these issues have played their assigned role in determining the trends of public opinion, as the aforementioned issues have dominated the follow-up of females in large degrees, because women are considered the main pillar for building society.

Table (6) The degree of interest of the respondents in following up on the issues of working women in the pages of the study sample (n = 400)

 The data of the previous table indicates the following:

(49.5%) of the respondents affirmed that they accept working women’s issues with a medium degree in the study sample pages, followed by a moderate degree of (28.25%), and finally a weak degree with a rate of (22.25%), and it is clear from the previous results: that the vast majority of Respondents accept working women’s issues to a large extent, and this indicates: They are more aware and aware of the issues they follow, as it is a global phenomenon that most societies suffer from, and its frequency has increased recently, as it has led to many psychological, physical and sexual harms to women, in addition to depriving them of their social rights, which endangers her life.

Table (7) The degree to which the respondents benefited from following up on working women’s issues in the study sample pages (n=400)

 The data of the previous table indicates the following:

• (48.75%) of the sample confirmed that they benefit from following up on working women’s issues to a very large extent on the study sample pages, followed by the benefit to a large extent at a rate of (41.25%), and finally benefit to some extent at a rate of (10%), so it can be said: that the majority of the respondents benefit from following up on working women’s issues to a very large extent in the study sample pages, and this is because it is an important source for them to obtain information, and this is because the interactive media aims to attract the largest number of the public and open space for enriching the interactive discussion about events related to this phenomenon, which has increased. Its current pace results from the prevailing customs and traditions in society that give men the right to dominate, control, and exercise power and violence over women, as well as the educational and cultural gap between men and women in some societies.

Table (8) Elements of Attracting Respondents to Follow-up Issues Related to Working Women in the Study Sample Pages (n = 320)

 The data of the previous table indicates the following:

• (42.5%) of the respondents affirmed that they are attracted to video clips that include jealousy, defamation, gossip, and harassment of co-workers, followed by objective images with a percentage of (38.75%), and then personal images with a rate of (18.75%), which indicates: They are more daring towards me. Follow up on the problems that women face in the work environment, which negatively affect them in completing difficult tasks to prove their capabilities and success in the work environment, because women represent a basic pillar in building society, as mothers, wives, educators, and officials.

Table (9) Forms of the interaction of respondents with working women’s issues in the study sample pages (n = 400) (you can choose more than one alternative) (n = 200), (n = 200), (n = 400)

The data in the previous table indicates the following:

• (35.75%) of the sample confirmed that they prefer to interact by commenting the working women issues on the pages of the study sample, followed by interaction with participation at a rate of (33.75%), and then interaction with admiration at a rate of (30.5%).
• In interaction with admiration: (33.5%) of the males affirmed that they prefer to interact with admiration for women’s issues working on the pages of the study sample, compared to (27.5%) for females. Their use of the like tool refers to: these sites providing information to them in short form in text, audio, and image through live broadcasting techniques, which is best for those sites to increase interaction, and this result is consistent with the findings of Nahla Salah’s study (195,2018), where the interaction came with admiration for the content Media is in the foreground, and it also came in the current study.
• In interaction by commenting: the results showed that (36.5%) of males prefer to interact by commenting about working women’s issues on the pages of the study sample, compared to (35%) of females. It shows us the style of the decision-makers towards this issue and their way of thinking. Perhaps this is one of the features of social networking sites because it allows the public to express their opinions regarding the content presented, whether negatively or positively. Interaction by commenting on the media content in the foreground also came into the foreground in the current study.
• In the interaction with participation: (37.5%) of the females confirmed that they prefer to interact with working women issues on the pages of the study sample, compared to (30%) of the males. The researchers attribute their use of the participation tool: because it allows the expansion of the issues mentioned earlier, the diversity of their audience, and the development of their discussion through various electronic sites, as they are aware of the importance of resulting from the challenges in the work environment and the lack of women enjoying the same opportunities as men for growth and promotion, which leads to the crystallization of differences between women and their superiors. Around several major themes.

Hypotheses Results

The first hypothesis: This hypothesis states that: There is a statistically significant correlation between the sample members’ follow-up of working women’s issues on the study sample pages and the degree of benefit from them.

Table (10) The relationship between the follow-up of the sample members to the issues of working women on the study sample pages and the degree of benefit from them. (n = 400)

* Significant at the level of (0.01)                                           ** Significant at the level (0.05)                               

The data in the table above indicates the following:

• By using the “person” correlation coefficient, it became clear that there is a statistically significant correlation between the sample’s follow-up of working women’s issues on the study sample pages and the degree of benefit from them. The value of the correlation coefficient was (0.58**), which is a function at the level of (0.01), and this indicates that: The greater the follow-up, the greater the degree of benefit will be to knowing the racial discrimination against women based on the lack of recognition of equality between men and women and the marginalization of their role in economic, cultural, civil, and social rights.

The second hypothesis: This hypothesis states that: There is a statistically significant correlation between the exposure of the sample members to the issues of working women on the study sample pages and the turnout rate for them.

Table (11) The relationship between the respondents’ exposure to working women’s issues on the study sample pages and the turnout rate (n = 400)

* Significant at the level of (0.01)                                           ** Significant at the level (0.05)                               

The data in the table above indicates the following:

• By using the “person” correlation coefficient, it became clear that there is a statistically significant correlation between the exposure of the sample members to the issues of working women on the study sample pages and the percentage of turnout for them. The value of the correlation coefficient was (0.52**), which is a function at the level (0.01), which indicates that: The more follow-up, the higher the turnout to know the most important problems women face in the work environment. Resulting from the pressures they are exposed to at work as a result of an unsafe work environment that includes discriminatory laws and practices in the work environment that prevent them from obtaining equal pay with men. , or promotion in leadership positions or even a working relationship with superiors.

The third hypothesis: This hypothesis states that: There are statistically significant differences between the forms of interaction of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public with the issues of working women in the study sample pages.

 (12) Significance of the differences between the forms of interaction of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public with the issues of working women in the pages of the study sample

* Significant at the level of (0.01)                                              ** Significant at the level (0.05)

The data in the previous table indicates the following:

• By using the “T-Test,” it became clear that there are statistically significant differences between the forms of interaction of the Egyptian public and the Jordanian public regarding the issues of working women in the study sample pages and towards the Jordanian audience. The value of (T) = (3.56 **), which is a function at the level ( 0.05), indicates that they are aware and aware of the issues they follow, and therefore they are more daring to deal with them, to know the latest developments about them, resulting from the neglect of some groups of the society of their role and their ability to do a lot in the community, in addition to the control of men on unilateral decision-making without sharing them with them.

Results

     After conducting the field study, we reached a set of results, the most important of which are:

• The vast majority of respondents confirmed that they follow up on working women’s issues to a very large extent on the study sample pages, followed by follow-up to a large extent, and finally follow-up in spare time, which indicates: Decision-making, which creates tension in the relationship between the spouses, in addition to not giving women enough space to express their opinions, and the interactive news pages aim to attract the largest number of audiences and open a space to enrich the interactive discussion on issues of interest to the public.
• There is a statistically significant correlation between the sample exposure to working women issues on the Facebook pages and the turnout percentage. This indicates that the greater the follow-up, the higher the turnout to know women’s most important problems in the work environment. Which results from the pressures they are exposed to at work due to an unsafe work environment that includes discriminatory laws and practices that prevent them from obtaining equal pay with men, promotion in leadership positions, or even getting a normal working relationship with their superiors.
• There are statistically significant differences between the forms of interaction of the Egyptian and Jordanian public with working women’s issues on the study sample pages and in the direction of the Jordanian people. This indicates that they are more aware and aware of the issues they follow, and therefore they are more daring to deal with them to know the latest developments about them, resulting from the neglect of some groups of the society of their role and their ability to do a lot in the community, in addition to the control of men on unilateral decision-making without their participation with them.

Conclusion:

Through this study, the researchers tried to find out the relationship between the respondents’ follow-up of working women’s issues on the study sample pages and the degree of benefit from them, as well as knowing the differences between the forms of interaction of the sample members with it, because it is a media platform for presenting different opinions and ideas related to the issue of violence against women under study. Because interactive media greatly influences public attitudes towards the aforementioned issue that interests them, it became necessary to discuss this issue and find solutions through media institutions, psychologists, and social media institutions. The study reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which are:

• The need for media institutions to carry out awareness campaigns to spread awareness among members of society against violence against women and to show the dangers of customs and traditions that cause injustice to them and deprive them of their rights, as well as to get rid of the unequal power between men and women by increasing women’s participation in decision-making processes
• The need for the media to pay attention to publishing articles that call for honoring women and respecting their rights in various fields by allowing them to prove themselves and their creative abilities.

Research proposals

In light of the study, the researchers present a set of recommendations:

• Media treatment of women’s basic empowerment through social networking sites.
• The role of social networks in promoting advertising campaigns.

Resources and References:

• First: Arabic sources and references:
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