Proposed ways to combat administrative corruption in educational institutions

Prepared by the researche: Aseel Abbas Khudhair * Ministry of Education, General education Directorate of Babylon- Iraq
Democratic Arabic Center
Journal of Social Sciences : Thirty-fourth Issue – December 2024
A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify strategies for preventing administrative corruption in the field of education, where administrative corruption is a growing problem. The research discusses the phenomenon of corruption that is one of the most significant social and economic issues, particularly when it affects educational institutions, which serve as the cornerstone of society. The country’s overall performance, development objectives, and the standard of education and its results will all suffer significantly if a portion of the social foundation is compromised. Since it is a human behavior that runs counter to the ideals and objectives of society in all of its facets, views that seek to counter and restrict it must be developed. Since corruption is viewed as a detrimental societal phenomenon that endangers humankind, human rights, and life itself, local, regional, and international organizations are interested in addressing this issue because of the detrimental impacts it causes. The most prominent results of the research are the presentation of a number of proposed strategies that can be used to combat administrative corruption in educational institutions. The study recommends that educational institutions should create a plan for organizational development and reform as well as a continuous program to stay up with technology advancements in all facets of their operations. It also necessitates a re-strategizing approach to create innovative educational solutions and responses to the issue of corruption, which has become a behavior exhibited by individuals, groups, and leaders across various positions, either intentionally or unintentionally. Furthermore, they need to enhance the financial condition of their organizations to prevent corruption via legal and judicial frameworks. Corruption within the education sector adversely impacts educational quality.
Introduction
One of the biggest threats to the state is the corruption epidemic, which has expanded greatly and visibly throughout society and hinders both the state’s development and those of its development programs. It is believed that corruption is an epidemic that needs to be eradicated. Education plays a fundamental role in combating corruption and in creating a constructive role for the individual in society by preparing for a creative scientific level. Consequently, this individual plays an important role in protecting his country from corruption, and the individual becomes a positive element in creating a community environment fortified by justice and law, leading to the creation of an emerging society that changes human reality, especially in the Arab region, which faces poor economic, political and social conditions. Schools are educational institutions that seek to create community leaders, thinkers, educators and academics. They are also an environment for developing innovation and creativity in its various sectors, as they graduate generations in various specializations that serve various fields of society. Hence, educational institutions have occupied a large part of the countries’ attention and have begun to play their roles in transferring and developing knowledge.
Considering education as a fundamental pillar in confronting corruption, and discovering the relationship of education in raising a capable citizen in his country is through educating him in a system of values that supports democratic behavior, and then learning on a high basis through an educational system built on the foundations of transparency and integrity, reaching the higher stages to reach an advanced scientific and cognitive level, and thus finding the relationship with education to confront corruption and build a society based on democracy, as the educational environment is considered the second door after the family to raise a generation that fights corruption and has sufficient awareness to fight it or consider it a basis and key to launch into practical and societal life later. This research will discuss the phenomenon of corruption from the perspective of the academic element in educational institutions, which is associated with a fundamental role in presenting academic means to reduce corruption, leading to the upbringing of students in confronting corruption, whether within the educational environment or in society in general.
The research problem:
It is corruption that threaten the structure of the educational sector.
Research question:
The strategic objectives in combating corruption are manifested in developmental objectives, administrative objectives, and participation in a variety of areas that help society eliminate corruption in all its forms.
The importance of the research:
Negative phenomena have spread that express, in one way or another, cases of administrative, financial and moral corruption that threaten the structure of the educational sector, which is necessarily reflected in other sectors and prevents the achievement of social cohesion and community development.
Research objectives:
Leading to the upbringing of students in confronting corruption, whether within the educational environment or in society in general.
Method of the research:
In order to meet the challenge and achieve its objectives, this study employed the analytical-deductive method.
Definition of corruption
Human societies have recognized corruption as a social phenomenon since prehistoric times. It is influenced by a wide range of factors, including the level of awareness in the community, culture, traditions, and customs; social upbringing; the quality of the human element; the type of political system in the state and the regulatory body; the degree of its effectiveness; and the level of administrative capabilities and central and institutional competencies.
Corruption can take many different forms, including theft, embezzlement, bribery, favoritism, extortion, bribery, forgery, wasting public funds, tampering with service specifications and contracts, breaching the law, exchanging favors and services, and controlling the executive branch’s power over the legislative branch, judiciary branch, and scientific branch.
Corruption can spread throughout the state’s departments and sectors. According to research papers, corruption can be examined in a number of state-related fields, including endowments, population, education, health, and agriculture. In developing nations, public education systems in particular face numerous challenges that leave them open to corruption’s infiltration and dissemination, which has a detrimental impact on the process’s results.
Ashour (2009) highlights the unique characteristics of corruption in the education sector, including the facilitation of private lessons and exam cheating by supervisors and textbooks, as well as the inadequate public oversight of private education institutions and practices. According to some academics, corruption in the education system has a detrimental impact on education quality, which makes it more difficult for the government to develop and mold human capital of the highest caliber (Dridy, 2014). According to Huang’s (2008) research, there is a correlation between rising levels of corruption in the state and declining educational outcomes.
However, some research indicated that there was little correlation between corruption and educational quality (Dridy, 2014). Defining the behaviors that constitute corruption—bribery, favoritism, accepting gifts, deception, exam cheating, tampering with grades and private lessons, breaking laws and regulations, and other forms of petty corruption—is a major challenge in the fight against corruption in the education sector (Chapman, 2002). Consequently, obtaining high-quality education and the appropriate levels of development is severely hampered by corruption in the educational system.
Strategic and developmental goals for academia in the area of corruption
Educational institutions are regarded the main source of support for the job market through graduates, and consequently have considerable obstacles in combating the phenomenon of corruption, whether inside or outside those organizations. In order to do this, the curricula must be reviewed, professional ethics and anti-corruption programs must be included, along with qualified teachers, the institution’s internal procedures, and the institution’s role in serving society in the fight against corruption must be activated, as corruption has become a chronic illness that has impacted both the state and society as a whole. Due to the fact that corruption affects a significant portion of society, including employees, students, and teaching staff, it has become a problem for state institutions.
As a result, the state is interested in combating corruption and its manifestations and attempting to eradicate it through the use of a variety of legal tools. The most crucial of these tools is educational awareness in the most significant state institutions. In order to eradicate ignorance and address diseases that erode society, such corruption and other illnesses, education is mandated by the fundamental system, the constitution, and international agreements. Therefore, because of the many benefits and significant impacts that corruption has on both the individual and the societal levels, educational institutions play a crucial role in the fight against corruption in all of its manifestations.
Although the term “corruption” has multiple definitions, Transparency International has agreed that it refers to “any act that involves the misuse of public office to achieve a private interest.” A corrupt act is one that defies the law and is in opposition to the moral standards that are widely accepted in society. The foundation of corruption is the abuse of public office, whether in government or private employment, for one’s own gain. A personal activity that has a detrimental impact on others is called corruption. Talk about a few of the causes of corruption’s growth and ubiquity in society. These causes can generally be summed up as follows:
- The judicial system’s weakness stems from its incapacity to carry out rulings, which allows for impunity and fails to create a broad deterrent for those who commit crimes involving corruption.
- A lack of respect for the rule of law, or the inadequacy of the legislation intended to uphold integrity and fight corruption, which has resulted in the rule of law’s weakness.
- The lack of strict preventive, curative, and punitive measures against corrupt individuals by the political leadership, despite their sincere desire to fight corruption. This is because many of these leaders are involved in corruption, making it difficult to apply the system fairly and effectively to everyone because of their privileges.
- The independence and brittleness of national oversight agencies, as well as their disregard for the doctrine of the separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
Strategic objective
The strategic goals are reflected in the fight against corruption and the enhancement of supervisory work by educational institutions, which offer the environment and cadres required to eradicate it, all in the service of societal advancement. This can only be achieved by improving educational institutions’ operations, drastically altering the attitudes of their staff, and refining all of their procedures. This will result in the graduation of groups of graduates who have been brought up with the values of honesty, openness, and fighting corruption, whose involvement in a variety of fields will help society eradicate corruption in all its forms.
Developmental objective
In order to prevent corruption in all of its forms, educational institutions must concentrate their efforts on improving the effectiveness of supervisory bodies and educational cadres. To do this, they must adopt and apply indicators and standards that reflect the effectiveness of their work, identify their weaknesses, as well as their strengths, and provide them with sound growth.
Since we are discussing a developmental objective, it is important to highlight that educational institutions have had to develop teaching strategies, including developing courses that use contemporary techniques to combat corruption, because the outdated administrative and instructional approaches are no longer adequate or capable of handling the advancements in education.
Administrative objective
In order to teach students values, principles, and responsible behavior and to make them aware of the dangers and detrimental effects of corruption, it is necessary to reevaluate these curricula and courses, which place a heavy emphasis on theory. Students are given real-world examples of applications in this field to help them understand these concepts.
The role of the academic, who is also responsible for teaching this curriculum to his students, must also be discussed. This is because the academic’s role goes beyond simply imparting knowledge and brainwashing students; rather, it involves being a positive role model for all students and helping them internalize morals, values, and principles—a crucial aspect of education. In addition, the educational institution as a whole is regarded as one of the state’s most significant institutions, and one of its most important messages is to uphold integrity values and reject corruption. Otherwise, it will lose its credibility, which will be detrimental to society because these institutions play a significant role in serving society beyond just graduating students. They do this by fighting corruption in the following ways:
- Organizing specialized scientific conferences, seminars, and workshops on corruption and creating suitable remedies and cures.
- Forming work teams of experts and scholars in the field of fighting corruption, as well as collaborating and coordinating with state institutions, particularly oversight bodies like the Integrity Commission.
- Promoting investigations and studies into the corruption phenomenon.
- Inviting subject-matter experts to lecture university students.
- Gaining knowledge from organizations with relevant experience, such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption Center.
Lastly, educational institutions are one of the most crucial for supplying the labor market with qualified cadres capable of meeting societal needs. This is because, despite the significant challenges these institutions face in attempting to combat corruption in all of its manifestations, both inside and outside of the institution, they can contribute to the reduction of corruption through a number of avenues, including reviewing the aforementioned curricula, teaching cadres, and internal procedures of the institution in confronting corruption.
Educational Institutions’ Preventive Role in Reducing Corruption
Education institutions practice and contribute positively to the dissemination of science, knowledge, and culture in all spheres of life—social, political, and economic—which has a multiplicity of effects on all state operations. They need to play a significant part in the fight against corruption. As a result, educational institutions must play a part in preventing corruption by implementing preventive measures. These actions can be enumerated as follows:
- Establishing criteria for effectiveness and morality when choosing people for administrative roles, particularly in different universities.
- Creating extensive reform plans with a strategic focus that includes identifying ethical standards and values for society and management, as well as treating corruption as a problem and addressing its root causes.
- Putting education first by creating a national strategy for education in society, particularly in light of the mounting pressure from these social and political institutions for higher education institutions to take on more students.
- Creating education programs to help eradicate corruption, since the process of education reform and development must concentrate on increasing capacity building across a range of fields.
Sensation of the interest of society at large: Since students and academics alike are parts of society, they must uphold the standards of the public interest. By doing so, they will be protected from corruption in their work, morals, and way of thinking since the public interest is rooted in a sense of national identity and belonging. Additionally, enhancing moral and religious principles in higher education establishments is important because it serves as a strong deterrent to corruption in all of its manifestations.
Educational institutions are one of the governmental institutions that cannot tolerate the influence of corruption and which should have mechanisms to combat corruption in all its forms. Recently, many negative phenomena have spread that express, in one way or another, cases of administrative, financial and moral corruption that threaten the structure of the educational sector, which is necessarily reflected in other sectors and prevents the achievement of social cohesion and community development. Educational reform has become a vital necessity in the context surrounding society, and the necessity of working to restructure the societal structures within it through education, as renewing the educational discourse, thus contributes to reforming the societal structure with all its diverse cultural, social, economic, political and religious aspects, and in view of the existing educational system, including the educational system and its curricula, and this is done through conducting the necessary evaluation studies for the reform process.
Priorities of educational reform to confront corruption in educational institutions
A set of educational principles that must be relied upon in developing and reforming educational institutions to confront corruption, i.e. a set of directed and integrated efforts that are prepared to introduce fundamental and radical changes inside and outside educational institutions to combat corruption in educational institutions.
The study aims at priorities of educational reform in the important educational ways, methods and mechanisms that can be resorted to reduce and eliminate corruption in educational institutions through activating the roles of the teacher and the curriculum Teaching methods in confronting corruption in addition to the role of educational media in confronting corruption.
Corruption has multiple effects, the most important of which are:
Destabilizing the economy, hindering growth, increasing poverty and the inability to combat it, which leads to inequality among citizens.
Increasing the unemployment rate, due to the weakness of the economic cycle and national production due to the waste of public wealth or its distribution in corruption operations.
Draining brains and energies that refuse to participate in corruption operations as a result of fighting it from the corrupt classes and the corrupt.
Disrupting the foundations of the free economy based on competition in providing the best services, offers and prices, as the goal becomes securing resources in illegal ways through dealing with the corrupt and paying bribes.
Establishing negative concepts such as selfishness and self-interest.
Limiting the individual’s activity and effort when he realizes that they are not the way to achieve the goals, in the presence of crooked and short ways.
Corruption has multiple risks, including the following:
Loss of citizens’ confidence in the state.
Absence of social justice.
Spread of moral corruption and social hypocrisy.
Dominance of private interest over public interest.
Absence of the role of oversight and supervision.
Loss of public funds of the state.
Identifying the risks that allow corruption practices in educational institutions.
This mechanism represents a technical means to identify areas of danger and loopholes through which corruption infiltrates. This is done by analyzing the decision-making system in the field of education and at every level of it and its institutions and processes related to it. This should be done by those with experience in analyzing corruption risks in the education system, as well as in light of monitoring and analyzing, even if preliminary, the intensity of types of corruption and the negative effects resulting from them. In light of what results from the risk analysis, i.e. the opportunities and loopholes through which corruption infiltrates and its causes and effects, the institutional reforms and developments that ensure its prevention and protection are determined.
Reforming the education governance system in all its stages for the purposes of preventing corruption.
Prevention strategies often include governance reforms that include work, management and oversight systems that often require legislative, regulatory or procedural amendments that are related to the scope of authorities and to the standards and mechanisms of accountability and transparency regarding performance, decisions and practices associated with it. It may also require a change in the functional standards for appointment, motivation and promotion, to include elements related to integrity, to assess the risks of corruption associated with the characteristics of individuals..
Rebuilding the wage and incentive system for teachers in the field of education at all levels.
This is considered one of the basic conditions to ensure that wages and incentives meet the living standards, the efficiency standards, the integrity standards, and the retention standards of distinguished elements and cadres. In some advanced countries, teachers’ salaries in the basic education stages, for example, represent levels that may exceed many other levels, and even teachers in higher education levels. This is due to these countries’ awareness of the seriousness of the early education stages in forming the basic capabilities and behaviors on which the higher stages depend.
An Examination of Education Amidst Corruption
Education is the process of imparting values, ideals, and morals to individuals, helping them to be accepted in society, function effectively within it, and contribute to its development and improvement. It is also the method of instructing the roles they hold and engage with others through them. Social education encompasses various institutions, including the family, school, mosque, media, local community, and workplace, rather than being confined to a single entity. If these institutions effectively fulfill their educational responsibilities, individuals’ behaviors, interactions, and values will be positive, leading to their adaptation to society, and the opposite holds true as well. Regarding the beneficial link between education and safeguarding individuals against corruption, research suggests that proper education provided by societal institutions shields individuals from the dangers of succumbing to corruption, whereas inadequate upbringing is a contributing factor to their descent into criminal behavior. Improper upbringing leads to corruption when two negative factors exist: ignoring appropriate social education techniques and conflicting educational approaches utilized by the community’s educational institutions.
The most effective teaching strategies utilized by educational institutions in developing their members encompass comprehensive social support that is evident during early childhood. Therefore, it is essential for both the father and mother to care for the child and watch over him from his earliest days to shield him from unacceptable morals. Intensive social care does not imply indulging the child to the point of undermining his independence and self-sufficiency; instead, it refers to guiding him closely, instilling the norms of appropriate behavior, fostering respectful interactions with others, and protecting him from negative influences and harmful habits. Disregarding educational guidelines in child-rearing will inevitably subject them to the risks of straying off course.
A fundamental responsibility of the family is to nurture its children in a healthy way that imparts positive principles and values, significantly impacting their everyday actions and social interactions. This kind of upbringing also steers them clear of areas of deviation and aids in harmonizing their thoughts and actions. The responsibilities of the family go beyond just parenting; they also involve enhancing children’s social behavior by shifting it from emotional and instinctive responses to logical and rational actions. This change in behavior is crucial for the individual’s stability and their adaptation to the external environment. The lack of knowledge among educators regarding the proper ways to nurture their children might result in the children straying from the correct path. Numerous instances illustrate this: the approach of leniency with a child and the approach of severity arise from emotion. Affection and deep worry for the child drive the father towards these two approaches. If the parents knew about the damage, they would hesitate to adopt them.
Alongside these two techniques, there exists the method of discrimination, which serves as a harmful approach since it fosters bias and prejudice in parents toward their children. Consequently, the bond between parents and children may evolve into one of animosity and resentment rather than one characterized by love and unity…etc. These harmful practices put the family member at risk of beginning to engage in corrupt behavior at a young age. Regarding the problem of inconsistency in the educational strategies used by institutions in child-rearing, this is apparent in the conflicting educational messages embraced by these institutions. The absence of links among educational institutions regarding their subjects causes the individual to contradict themselves, revealing what they conceal, and this situation results in a divided conscience.
Indeed, it is understood that the content presented by media, movies, and television—particularly in the form of news reports, films, and series, notably those that are dubbed—will influence individuals, particularly the youth, causing them to mimic the characters they see. Consequently, you will observe them replicating these characters whenever the chance arises. Nevertheless, grasping and collaborating among educational institutions concerning educational values will result in fostering a single educational value within members of a society and developing a constructive and impactful personality in that community.
There exists a distinction between an individual’s moral education and other facets of their personality, including their educational, economic, and social status. Some educated individuals hold social influence and positions, yet they still embezzle public funds and engage in forgery and fraud. Sutherland refers to these individuals as white-collar criminals. They possess a higher education and have achieved notable social statuses in society, yet their consciences are nearly nonexistent. They will lack the genuine family upbringing that transforms them into role models. Education involves teaching individuals the values, ideals, and morals that enable them to be acceptable in society, effective within it, and able to foster its development and improvement for the better.
Curricula and teaching methods and their role in confronting corruption:
Educational institutions contribute greatly to confronting corruption through curricula and teaching methods.
A- Developing correct behavioral trends that call for rejecting corruption.
B- Emphasizing the concepts of honesty, truthfulness, tolerance, love and ways.
C- Curricula should include topics that are consistent with the needs of society and its development plan.
D- Supporting curricula with societal positions and issues, including corruption and how to confront it.
E- Forming positive trends towards combating corruption in its various forms.
F- Curricula should not be rigid templates that are difficult to change according to the requirements and developments of the era.
G- Activating dialogue and consolidating the practice of freedom of expression.
H- Empowering students with self-learning skills.
I- The curricula include rejecting the behavior based on fanaticism that leads to corruption in society.
J- Continuous updating of curricula to keep pace with the various challenges of the era.
K- Achieving integration between the professional and ethical aspects in the curricula.
The role of the media as an educational mediator in confronting corruption:
To play a significant role in calling for transparency and spreading awareness of how to confront and combat corruption in all institutions of society, and it has a very rapid impact on the audience, as the media has become an attractive educational mediator for all individuals in light of its spread, diversity and ability to overcome the cultural gap between the different segments of society, by providing media material that is compatible with All ages at different educational levels, and with the availability of a home. In light of the spread of the phenomenon of corruption, the media has a great responsibility in addressing this phenomenon and confronting it through the following mechanisms:
Providing media materials that ensure the inculcation of religious, moral and educational values. Urging the public to cooperate with security agencies, and developing citizens’ sense of the importance of effective participation in combating corruption. Reducing media materials that promote crime, spread harmful ideas and sow disintegration and deviation. Providing educational programs that take into account the educational foundations that instill Islamic principles in the souls, and support moral values. Preparing national awareness campaigns on ways to prevent corruption. Increasing and diversifying moral awareness programs to include all social groups. Benefiting from modern technological means in combating corruption, such as electronic advertisements on social media. Activating the role of all media to support social and educational values that can be achieved through combating corruption. The media should work to raise awareness in societies about what enhances and strengthens the sense of nationalism and responsibility in the sons of the nation and warns against the bad consequences of corruption. Clarifying the negative effects of corruption and the image and role of the public in confronting it. Developing a media policy by a specialist in education, psychology and social work in a way that simulates the culture of society in how to confront corruption. Highlighting the enlightened cultural role model, hosting and using it in discussing community issues, and promoting a variety of cultural dialogue and discussion, through modern media and its advanced technologies. Highlighting the dangers of corruption and committing crimes against the individual, family and society through intensifying educational programs that study the causes of corruption, and clarifying the factors and motives of the individual’s drive towards corruption. Giving space to scholars, thinkers and experts in the field of education to provide advice and guidance and open the doors of constructive dialogue to understand the danger of corruption in all sectors of society.
The phenomenon of corruption is not limited in its repercussions to the negative consequences it produces in a specific sector, but its effects extend to all members of society and its sectors, and it has a direct impact on the state’s economy, as it is a barrier to economic development, in addition to the fact that it leads to a change in the social structure of society.
Conclusion
After conducting this study, we have come to the conclusion that educational institutions should focus their efforts on creating national strategic plans and curricula for education in society as part of their responsibility to fight corruption. By supplying the labor market with competent cadres capable of meeting societal requirements, educational institutions are also regarded as one of the fundamental pillars in the construction of society. All of this should take place within a framework built on transparency and integrity in the face of corruption.
All leaders teachers and employees in the various education sectors must work together to uphold ethical standards and eradicate corruption in order to completely eradicate it from the education sector. Therefore, in order to govern all administrative and academic practices in the education sectors, educational institutions should adopt codes of ethical conduct and define acceptable and unacceptable behaviors regarding a variety of complex issues. For instance, every state in the union has an ethical teaching charter; similarly, every American university has an ethical charter; violators of these charters risk losing their jobs. Furthermore, the accountability frameworks and the policies and guidelines pertaining to the administration of the educational system need to be put into place within the confines of a law that promotes openness. Apart from the aforementioned, it is imperative to fortify and improve the culture of opposing corruption.
However, a future strategic vision should be created that outlines the strategic goals of ending corruption in education and the key players that help to lessen the negative outcomes of the study. Additionally, some significant strategic players in the education sector should be activated so that they work to exercise supervisory roles to lessen negative outcomes in this crucial industry, such as businesses and institutions that hire graduates of education programs and civil society organizations like unions, civil and professional associations, etc., which can obstruct educational institutions’ practices and universities as well as the state should develop management systems, as the sluggish institutional development evident in the policies and procedures governing institutions’ operations impedes their advancement and attempts to address the current defect and move toward reconciliation, in addition to adopting strategies to reform education and address the issues and problems that arose during the study.
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