Carbon Monitoring and Reporting: A Strategic Framework for Saudi Organizations to Achieve Net Zero and Contribute to Saudi Vision 2030

Prepared by the researche : Mohamed S. Elfleet – Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,KSA

Democratic Arabic Center

Journal of Urban and Territorial Planning : Twenty-fourth Issue – June 2025

A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin

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Abstract

Climate change is a critical threat, driving global efforts to limit CO₂ emissions and temperature rise per the Paris Agreement. Achieving meaningful progress requires active participation from organizations in addition to governments. Saudi Arabia faces the challenge of balancing its fossil fuel-based economy with sustainability goals, including its commitment to Net Zero by 2060 and Vision 2030. Carbon monitoring and reporting are crucial tools for Saudi organizations to meet these goals, helping quantify emissions across Scopes 1, 2, and 3 for better transparency. Effective carbon management enhances efficiency, fosters innovation, and creates opportunities in renewable energy and green technologies. Robust carbon monitoring and reporting also strengthen reputational value, attracting investment and enhancing global competitiveness. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive guide for Saudi organizations on the principles and best practices of carbon monitoring and reporting. It will explore methodologies for tracking emissions, international standards and frameworks, and strategies for integrating carbon reduction into core business practices. By doing so, Saudi organizations can play a pivotal role in supporting the nation’s transition to a low-carbon economy and contributing to both Net Zero.

1. Introduction

Since the 1800s, it has been known that greenhouse gases (GHGs), which absorb infrared radiation, warm the Earth’s surface (Hertzberg et al., 2017). The concentration of these gasses changes both naturally and due to human activities, particularly through industrial and agricultural practices that release gases that trap more energy in the atmosphere. This intensifies the natural greenhouse effect, which is closely tied to the concepts of climate change and global warming (Hansen et al., 2023). Global warming, driven by natural and human activities that increase greenhouse gases, is a major cause of climate change. Climate change includes the broader impacts of global warming on Earth’s climate system that affect seasonal patterns and crop yields (Srivastav, 2019), pose serious risks to the agricultural sector and potentially disrupt food security (Bilgili et al., 2024).

The 2015 Paris Agreement, established at COP21, is a key international effort to combat climate change, aiming to limit global warming to below 2°C, with an aspirational target of 1.5°C. By striving to meet these targets, the agreement seeks to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture and food security, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in addressing these pressing issues (Wu, 2016). This target is significant, as even small differences in global temperature rise can lead to disproportionately large impacts, particularly on vulnerable ecosystems and communities (Viterbi et al., 2020). Reaching the 1.5°C target requires transforming global economies and cutting GHG emissions to Net Zero by mid-century. (United Nations, 2015). The success of the Paris Agreement relies on active involvement from businesses and organizations, alongside government policies, due to their substantial role in global emissions. (Streck et al., 2016).

Saudi Arabia’s economy heavily depends on fossil fuel exports, with oil and gas making up a large portion of government revenue and export earnings. (Wada & Tuna, 2017). Saudi Arabia’s reliance on hydrocarbons leads to high GHG emissions and makes the country vulnerable to climate change impacts, threatening agriculture, biodiversity, and public health. These environmental challenges are compounded by the Kingdom’s socio-economic reliance on the fossil fuel industry, making the transition to a low-carbon economy both necessary and complex (Hilmi et al., 2020).

In response to these challenges, Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, launched in 2016, aims to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on oil by promoting non-oil sectors like tourism, entertainment, and renewable energy. (Al Anezi, 2021). A key element of Saudi Vision 2030 is the commitment to achieving Net Zero emissions by 2060, announced in 2021 at the Saudi Green Initiative Forum.

The Net Zero target aligns Saudi Arabia’s developmental objectives with global climate initiatives, indicating a transition toward a more sustainable and resilient economic framework (Al-Sinan et al., 2023). For this purpose, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is investing in large-scale renewable energy projects like solar and wind to diversify its energy mix. The Saudi and Middle East Green Initiatives seek to enhance carbon sequestration through reforestation and cutting-edge carbon capture and storage methods, while highlighting the potential of clean technologies, such hydrogen production, to decarbonize energy markets (Alshammari, 2020).

Saudi Arabia’s Net Zero strategy relies on government policies and business involvement, especially in energy and heavy industries, which must adopt carbon reduction strategies and monitor emissions. In addition, integrating sustainability into business models is crucial for staying competitive in a global market shifting towards low-carbon products. Compliance with international sustainability standards, such as TCFD and the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, is essential for attracting global investors and partners. (Medabesh & Khan, 2020). Saudi Vision 2030 prioritizes sustainability-focused industries, like green technologies and renewable energy, to drive economic growth, innovation, and investment while supporting climate goals. (Alshuwaikhat & Mohammed, 2017).

2. Framework of Carbon Monitoring and Reporting

2.1 International Standards and Protocols

2.1.1 GHG Protocol

The GHG Protocol, created by the World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development, sets comprehensive guidelines for accounting and reporting greenhouse gas emissions across Scope 1 (direct), Scope 2 (energy-related), and Scope 3 (value chain) (Baratta et al., 2023). Its widespread adoption allows corporations to report emissions transparently and in compliance with international standards (Pinus, 2023). Accurate carbon monitoring frameworks are essential for climate change mitigation, as they facilitate tracking and disclosure of GHG emissions, thereby supporting climate action (Leifeld, 2023). By integrating effective reporting mechanisms, organizations enhance stakeholder trust, ensure regulatory compliance, and drive emissions reductions aligned with global climate objectives (Barbhuiya et al., 2024). Implementing frameworks like the GHG Protocol and ISO 14064 promotes sustainability and responsible business practices, while also yielding benefits such as enhanced reputation, cost savings, and climate risk mitigation, ultimately contributing to business resilience (Cullen et al., 2024).

2.1.2 Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)

The Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), established in 2015, focuses on four key elements: governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets, urging organizations to disclose climate-related information (Di Vaio et al., 2024). Using the Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, organizations quantify emissions from operations and energy consumption (TCFD, 2022). The Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard supports comprehensive life cycle emissions assessments, while the Policy and Action Standard encourages greenhouse gas reduction initiatives (Baratta et al., 2023). The TCFD framework helps organizations identify and disclose financially material climate-related risks and opportunities, enhancing stakeholder understanding (Cullen et al., 2024). Proper implementation fosters long-term viability, navigates evolving climate regulations, and promotes accountability and transparency among stakeholders (Dragomir et al., 2023).

2.1.3 ISO 14064 Standards

The ISO 14064 standard provides a comprehensive framework for greenhouse gas (GHG) quantification, reporting, and verification, enabling organizations to manage and reduce their GHG emissions effectively (ISO, 2020). This standard comprises three parts: ISO 14064-1, which specifies requirements for GHG quantification and reporting at the organizational level; ISO 14064-2, focusing on GHG quantification and reporting for projects; and ISO 14064-3, outlining guidelines for validation and verification (ISO, 2020).

2.2 Scope Classification of Emissions

Scope 1 emissions, regarded as direct emissions, encompass greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from fuel combustion, industrial processes, and product use that originate directly from organizational operations within direct control (Ranganathan et al., 2004). This includes emissions from owned or leased assets, manufacturing, onsite energy generation, cement production, chemical manufacturing, and owned or leased vehicles (Cullen et al., 2024).

Scope 2 emissions, also known as indirect emissions, occur outside the organization’s control and are influenced by procurement decisions (Silva et al., 2024). These emissions result from energy purchased and consumed by organizations, primarily including electricity, heat, steam, and cooling systems (Momblanco et al., 2024). Understanding and accounting for Scope 2 emissions encourages organizations to optimize energy efficiency and explore renewable energy sources, fostering sustainable practices and contributing to climate change mitigation (Mehmood et al., 2024).

Scope 3 emissions, or value chain emissions, encompass all indirect emissions occurring throughout an organization’s value chain, excluding Scope 1 and 2 (Anquetin et al., 2022). These emissions comprise 15 categories resulting from both upstream and downstream activities, such as raw material extraction, transportation, waste management, and product use (Ranganathan et al., 2004).

2.3 Measurement and Calculation Methodologies

2.3.1 Data Collection Methods

Different methods are used for carbon monitoring based on the fields like forest, agriculture soils, environment, PM 2.5 for health safety, E-waste, river or streams etc. Both traditional and advanced methods are used for carbon estimation. Direct measurement techniques, like Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) Sensors, Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), FTIR and gas chromatography (GC); fixed monitoring stations, remote sensing (Othman et al., 2010) and indirect measurement like Carbon Footprint Calculation and emissions-based measurements.

2.3.2 Emission Factors and Calculations

Terrestrial carbon is estimated by considering different litter, debris, Soil organic carbon (SOC), and above and below-ground biomass (Issa et al., 2020). Surface SOC can be measured by using aerial spectroscopic using multispectral sensors installed on unmanned aircraft (UAVs) (Nayak et al., 2019). Wet digestion and dry combustion (DC) are extensively used for carbon monitoring in routine laboratory analysis. Similarly, spectroscopic techniques are used for laboratory analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is also measured through total combustion method (Walkley & Black, 1934).

2.3.3 Quality Assurance and Verification

Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) are measured through thermo-optical semi-continuous method which adopts the same thermal–optical analysis method for determination of OC and EC that is commonly applied to the offline analysis of filter samples (Bian et al., 2018).

2.4 Reporting Requirements and Best Practices

2.4.1 Regulatory Requirements

In KSA, a detailed register protocol for CO2 emissions from static industrial sources had been developed, which provides complete detail about the CO2 emissions from the static and leading industries in the country related to oil refining, electricity generation, cement, desalination, iron and steel, and petrochemicals (Hamieh et al., 2022).

2.4.2 Voluntary Reporting Frameworks

Life cycle assessments and building information modeling practices are used in engineering, architecture, and construction industries to reduce GHG emissions (Jamoussi et al., 2022). Voluntary reporting frameworks, such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), play a crucial role in facilitating transparency and accountability in carbon reporting, enabling organizations to disclose their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate-related performance (Di Vaio et al., 2024). By providing standardized guidelines and metrics, these frameworks complement mandatory reporting requirements, empowering organizations to demonstrate climate leadership, progress toward achieving science-based targets, and long-term sustainability commitments (Sherrod et al., 2022)

2.4.3 Stakeholder Communication

The inventory method to track GHG at the city level can help maintain records and track city-level emissions (Arioli et al., 2020). Effective stakeholder communication is a vital component of carbon reporting, playing a pivotal role in fostering trust, credibility, and accountability among stakeholders (Almarai, 2021).To achieve this, organizations should disclose comprehensive information on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, reduction targets, and progress toward achieving these targets through various communication channels, including sustainability reports, websites, and stakeholder engagement events (Tirth et al., 2020). Regular and transparent communication enables organizations to address climate-related concerns, incorporate stakeholder expectations, and drive collaborative climate action (Aboneama, 2018). This, in turn, supports informed decision-making, enhances reputation, and promotes long-term sustainability.

3. Analysis of Carbon monitoring and reporting framework

3.1 Current State of Carbon Monitoring in Saudi Organizations

3.1.1 Sector-specific Challenges and Opportunities

Saudi Arabia is pursuing environmental sustainability, aiming for net-zero emissions by 2060, a major shift from its hydrocarbon dependence. This includes a target to reduce annual emissions by 278 million tons of CO2 equivalent by 2030 (Hamieh et al., 2022). Historical data shows that since 1990, GDP, population, and CO2 emissions have grown concurrently, emphasizing the need to decouple economic growth from emissions (Hamieh et al., 2022; Al-Sinan et al., 2023). With a strong positive correlation (> 0.95) between these factors , transitioning to a less carbon-intensive economy and integrating solar and wind power is essential.

The sectoral analysis of emissions in the Kingdom shows that electricity generation is the leading source of greenhouse gas emissions, contributing 42% and 35% of total emissions in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Electricity demand growth outpaces GDP growth, projected at 4.4% over the next five years, with energy intensity per GDP unit exceeding that of OECD members (Khondaker et al., 2014). The electricity sector consumes about 50% of total production, growing at 6.3% annually, with over 80 power plants across regions. Following electricity, road transport, and industrial processes contribute 19% and 21% of emissions, with industrial processes alone at 81.7% (Al-Sinan et al., 2023). Agriculture accounted for over 60% of nitrous oxide emissions in 2019.

3.1.2 Technology Adoption and Infrastructure

Various methods are employed for carbon monitoring in fields like forestry, agriculture, environmental health, and E-waste management, utilizing both traditional and advanced techniques. Direct measurement methods include Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) Sensors, Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), FTIR, gas chromatography (GC), and remote sensing (Othman et al., 2010). Indirect methods, such as Carbon Footprint Calculation and emissions-based assessments, are also common. Terrestrial carbon assessment considers litter, debris, Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), and biomass (Issa et al., 2020). Surface SOC measurement can be conducted with aerial spectroscopy using multispectral sensors on unmanned aircraft (UAVs) (Nayak et al., 2019). Laboratory analysis typically involves wet digestion and dry combustion (DC) for routine carbon monitoring, with additional SOC assessment techniques like spectroscopic methods and total combustion (Walkley & Black, 1934). Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC) are analyzed using the thermo-optical semi-continuous method (Bian et al., 2018). The Meteorological Environmental Protection Administration (MEPA) monitors air quality in collaboration with Saudi Aramco through ten monitoring and fifteen meteorology stations. While remote sensing and satellite imagery for air quality monitoring are gaining traction globally, their use in the MENA region, including Saudi Arabia, remains limited (Campbell et al., 2022). Modeling approaches like the InVEST model estimate carbon storage amid land-use changes (Othman et al., 2010). In Saudi Arabia, a detailed protocol for CO2 emissions from industrial sources has been established, covering oil refining, electricity generation, and other industries (Hamieh et al., 2022), alongside life cycle assessments and city-level GHG tracking through inventory methods (Arioli et al., 2020).

3.1.3 Organizational Capacity and Expertise

Saudi organizations are at different stages of carbon monitoring and reporting capacity. Large corporations, especially in the energy sector, have made progress in building expertise and advanced monitoring systems (Al-Zahrani et al., 2021). In contrast, many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) struggle with developing skills for effective carbon management (Alharthi et al., 2019). Research shows that private sector companies are generally more prepared for sustainability practices than public sector organizations (Hashmi et al., 2013, 2014). There is a pressing need for specialized training programs and knowledge transfer across sectors (Al-Ghussain, 2019). Additionally, further research on sustainability assessment models and the development of environmental information systems is necessary (Al-Alqam et al., 2022; Al-Khuwiter, 2005).

3.2 Implementation Strategies

3.2.1 Short-term Actions

Saudi organizations are currently focused on establishing baseline emissions data, implementing monitoring systems, and enhancing awareness of carbon management (Alshuwaikhat & Mohammed, 2017). Many companies conduct energy audits to identify quick-win emissions reduction opportunities (Al-Moneef, 2018) and emphasize strategies to cut emissions from both long-lived and short-lived pollutants (Jackson, 2009). Efforts include enhancing energy efficiency, optimizing industrial processes, and adopting cleaner technologies in the energy sector, which accounts for over 90% of national CO2 emissions (Khondaker et al., 2015). Organizations are also improving data collection and reporting to meet international standards, with the private sector showing more readiness for sustainability than the public sector, yet clearer government policies on carbon management are needed (Hashmi et al., 2013, 2014).

3.2.2 Medium-term Development

Medium-term strategies require significant investments in low-carbon technologies and comprehensive carbon management plans, integrating carbon considerations into business decisions (Taher & Hajjar, 2024). Organizations aim to enhance emissions reporting accuracy by adhering to international standards (Al-Zahrani et al., 2021). These efforts support harmonizing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) with long-term goals, including Saudi Arabia’s target to reduce carbon emissions by 278 million tons of CO2eq annually by 2030 (Hamieh et al., 2022). Key areas of focus are expanding renewable energy, particularly solar, with plans to install 41 GW by 2032 (Salam & Khan, 2018) and exploring wind, geothermal, and biomass sources (Amran et al., 2020), potentially achieving 100% renewable energy by 2040 through integration with desalination (Caldera et al., 2017).

3.2.3 Long-term Integration

The Saudi Green Initiative (SGI) is a key component of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and climate action strategy, launched in 2021 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. Using the Circular Carbon Economy approach, SGI aims for net-zero emissions by 2060. The Kingdom projects reducing greenhouse gas emissions from 951.94 Mt CO2eq to 632.78 Mt CO2eq by 2030 and to 49.76 Mt CO2eq by 2060. The initiative includes planting 10 billion trees, with potential carbon sequestration of 9 Mt CO2eq annually by 2030 and 250 Mt by 2060. Large-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects highlight Saudi Arabia’s commitment to innovative climate solutions (Al-Ghamdi et al., 2022). These insights guide Saudi Arabia’s emissions reduction strategies, including the Saudi Green Initiative (SGI) and Vision 2030, focusing on energy efficiency and the circular carbon economy (CCE) framework.

3.3 Economic Implications

3.3.1 Cost-Benefit Analysis

The transition to low-carbon operations entails significant upfront costs but offers long-term economic benefits. Studies indicate that investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy can yield substantial savings over time (Wogan et al., 2019). For example, SABIC reported cost savings of $130 million from sustainability initiatives in 2020 (SABIC, 2021). However, the economic implications are complex; deep emission reductions may negatively impact GDP (Bashmakov & Myshak, 2014), yet transitioning to renewable energy for electricity generation could be economically viable (Heal, 2020). For Saudi Arabia, this transition presents challenges and opportunities due to its reliance on hydrocarbon exports. Achieving Sustainable Development Goals requires an investment of 1.3-2.0% of world GDP annually (Schmidt-Traub, 2015), necessitating substantial investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency.

3.3.2 Investment Requirements

Achieving Saudi Arabia’s Net Zero target will require substantial investments across various sectors, with the Saudi Green Initiative expected to attract over $180 billion in investments by 2030. This funding will focus on renewable energy infrastructure, energy efficiency improvements, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Globally, the investment needed for a zero-carbon economy by 2050 is estimated at $120 trillion, and while Saudi Arabia’s contribution will be significant, the potential returns and co-benefits of these investments are essential to consider. Key areas for investment include renewable energy infrastructure—particularly solar and wind power—energy efficiency improvements in buildings and industry, clean transportation systems, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies, as well as research and development in low-carbon technologies.

3.3.3 Market Opportunities

Vision 2030 is Saudi Arabia’s ambitious blueprint for sustainable development, highlighting economic diversification, environmental protection, and social progress. As noted by Alshuwaikhat & Mohammed (2017), the vision aims to lessen the Kingdom’s reliance on oil revenues by promoting a diversified economy while addressing urgent environmental challenges. A key aspect is the target for renewable energy generation, set at 58.7 gigawatts (GW) (Al-Ismail et al., 2023), given the country’s high per capita energy consumption, one of the highest globally (Al-Ismail et al., 2023). These renewable energy projects aim to generate jobs, attract foreign investment, and stimulate technological innovation (Hamieh et al., 2022).The regional context is important due to challenges like water scarcity and food security (Brown-Paul, 2014), both of which SGI and MGI aim to address. These initiatives have led to adopting sustainable practices, including green building codes in Gulf states (Issa & Al Abbar, 2015) and advanced water management systems (Assaf & Mohsen, 2017). These efforts align with Vision 2030’s technological and sustainable development goals, fostering economic diversification and private sector participation (D’souza & Taghian, 2017).

3.4 Policy Recommendations

Achieving net-zero emissions by 2060 in Saudi Arabia requires collective action from government, industry, and civil society. The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the Kingdom aims for a substantial reduction of 278 million tons of CO2eq per year by 2030, based on 2019 levels, utilizing dynamic baselines and the Circular Carbon Economy (CCE) concept. Furthermore, Saudi Arabia has committed to reducing global methane emissions by 30% by 2030 through the Global Methane Pledge. The Middle East Green Initiative (MGI), launched in November 2022 with a $2.5 billion investment, reinforces the Kingdom’s role in regional climate action, emphasizing the urgent need to address climate change in the Middle East, which faces significant environmental challenges. The initiative’s ambitious goal to plant 40 billion trees represents the largest reforestation effort globally, aligning with the targets set by the Paris Agreement.

Coordination among stakeholders is vital in addressing the complexities of emission reductions, particularly within energy-intensive sectors. As highlighted by Al-Sinan et al. (2023), there is a pressing need for innovative solutions and regulatory frameworks to mitigate emissions from industrial processes and electricity generation. Saudi Arabia’s commitment to environmental initiatives, exemplified by the MGI and the Sustainable Green Initiative (SGI), positions the nation as a key player in global climate action. This shift toward sustainability is supported by advancements in technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS). Central to Saudi Arabia’s ambition of achieving net-zero by 2060 is the CCE framework, which embraces the “4Rs” principle, effectively balancing climate objectives with energy security.

To further enhance its climate strategy, the government emphasizes energy efficiency improvements and integrates sustainable urban development, waste management, and educational initiatives, as noted by Bélaïd & Massié (2023) and Alshuwaikhat & Mohammed (2017). This comprehensive and inclusive approach has already led to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions since 2015, as evidenced by the findings of Hamieh et al. (2022). Overall, Saudi Arabia’s vision for sustainable development embodies a holistic strategy that seeks not only to address climate change but also to ensure social progress and economic stability.

4. Conclusion

This review enhances the understanding of carbon monitoring and reporting frameworks in Saudi organizations aiming for Net Zero targets and the objectives of Saudi Vision 2030. It establishes a framework that connects carbon management practices to organizational sustainability and national climate goals, detailing effective carbon monitoring methodologies for Saudi Arabia. Through case studies of leading organizations such as Saudi Aramco, SABIC, ACWA Power, and Maaden, the study underscores the critical role of technological innovation in emissions reduction, particularly through CCUS, AI-driven emissions tracking, and green hydrogen development. The review offers actionable insights for various sectors, emphasizing the need to strengthen regulatory frameworks, leverage digital technologies, and enhance organizational capacity to position Saudi Arabia as a leader in the global low-carbon economy. It addresses the transition to low-carbon practices, including carbon credits and offsets, aligning with Vision 2030 and the Net Zero 2060 initiative. The review identifies limitations for future research, such as the need for ongoing empirical studies, improved emissions data, and targeted investigations for small and medium-sized enterprises, while also considering the costs of renewable energy transitions and the impact of international standards like the GHG Protocol on carbon reduction efforts.

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