Prepared by the researcher : *soukaina Hajjoubi ** Jamila Saidi
- *soukaina Hajjoubi, a student researcher, Dynamics of Fields and Societies Laboratory, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Mohammedia, Morocco. (soukaina.hajjoubi@gmail.com)
- ** Jamila Saidi, Ph.D., Research Professor, Dynamics of Fields and Societies Laboratory, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Mohammedia, Morocco.( j_saidi50@hotmail.fr)
Democratic Arab Center
Journal of Strategic and Military Studies : Nineteenth Issue – June 2023
A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin
:To download the pdf version of the research papers, please visit the following link
Abstract
African migration is a complex and evolving phenomenon that presents significant trends. Over the past two decades, migration in Africa has witnessed a steady increase, with a record number of over 40 million African migrants, marking a 30% rise compared to 2010. This migration is primarily driven by push factors such as conflicts, political instability, repressive governance, limited economic opportunities, and environmental challenges.
It is important to note that the majority of African migration occurs within the continent, with nearly 80% of African migrants not intending to leave Africa. Regional economic hubs such as South Africa, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria attract numerous migrants due to their economic opportunities and political stability.
African migration presents both challenges and opportunities. Approximately 15% of African migrants, especially those traveling without official documentation, face high levels of vulnerability to exploitation and trafficking. Countries like Libya have become dangerous places for migrants, where they experience murder, torture, rape, and enslavement at the hands of traffickers, militias, and even some state authorities.
However, African migration also contributes to economic stability, filling labor gaps, and socio-economic well-being in destination countries. The economic benefits of migration will be enhanced with the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) and its Protocol on Free Movement of Persons.
Moreover, migration also benefits countries of origin through remittances that contribute to household income stability in fragile economies, improving local development prospects.
- Introduction:
African migration is a multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses various patterns, drivers, and consequences. Contrary to common perceptions, the majority of African migration takes place within the continent, driven by economic opportunities and regional integration. However, alongside the positive aspects, there are significant challenges and vulnerabilities faced by a portion of African migrants0. This includes exploitation, trafficking, and human rights abuses experienced by those without official documentation. Libya, in particular, remains a dangerous transit and destination country for migrants. Moreover, the political and economic challenges in North African nations have led many individuals to seek opportunities in Europe. Tragically, migration-related deaths and disappearances remain alarmingly high, highlighting the urgent need for improved migration policies and safer pathways for migrants. In this context, it is crucial to recognize the underlying factors that drive migration and work towards addressing them to create a more secure and humane environment for African migrants.
- Concepts:
To ensure clarity and understanding, let’s define the key concepts related to African migration:
- Migration: The process of individuals or groups moving from one place to another, involving a change in their place of residence. It encompasses both internal migration within a country and international migration across national borders.
- Push Factors: Adverse conditions and circumstances in the migrants’ home countries that motivate or force them to leave. These factors may include conflict, political instability, repressive governance, limited economic opportunities, and environmental challenges.
- Pull Factors: Favorable conditions and opportunities in destination countries that attract migrants. These factors may include economic opportunities, political stability, better living standards, access to education, and social welfare benefits.
- Vulnerability: The susceptibility of migrants, particularly those traveling without official documentation, to exploitation, abuse, and violation of their human rights. Vulnerability can arise from factors such as limited legal protection, lack of access to healthcare and education, and the absence of social support networks.
- Irregular Migration: The movement of individuals who do not have the necessary legal authorization or documents to enter, reside, or work in a particular country. Irregular migration often involves high levels of vulnerability and exposes migrants to various risks and challenges.
- Remittances: The money or goods that migrants send back to their home countries, typically to support their families or contribute to the local economy. Remittances play a significant role in improving household incomes, enhancing food security, and acting as an investment in education and development.
By establishing clear definitions of these key concepts, we can better understand the dynamics and complexities of African migration and its implications for individuals, communities, and countries involved.
- Research Problem:
the phenomenon of African migration raises important questions and challenges that warrant further exploration. One key issue is the significant increase in African migration over the past decades, driven by various factors such as conflicts, limited economic opportunities, and political instability. This presents a complex set of challenges and opportunities for both the countries of origin and destination, as well as for the migrants themselves.
The central problem to be addressed is understanding the impacts and implications of African migration on social, economic, and political dynamics. Specifically, how does migration affect the social fabric, labor markets, and public services in both origin and destination countries? What are the underlying factors that drive African migration, and how do they interact with broader socio-political and economic contexts? Furthermore, what are the challenges and vulnerabilities faced by African migrants, including issues of exploitation, trafficking, and human rights violations?
Addressing these questions will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities surrounding African migration and provide insights into potential policy measures, interventions, and strategies to address the associated challenges. Additionally, examining the opportunities that arise from African migration can help identify ways to harness its potential for sustainable development, economic growth, and social integration in both origin and destination countries.
- Objectives:
The primary objective of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of African migration and its implications. Specifically, the study aims to:
- Analyze the key drivers and factors contributing to African migration, including the push and pull dynamics within and outside the continent.
- Assess the vulnerabilities and risks faced by African migrants, particularly those traveling without proper documentation, and highlight the importance of protecting their rights and well-being.
- Examine the socio-economic impacts of migration on both origin and destination countries, with a focus on the contributions of migrants to economic development and the challenges they face in accessing opportunities.
- Explore existing policies, frameworks, and best practices related to African migration and identify areas for improvement and effective governance.
- Provide evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, international organizations, and stakeholders to develop comprehensive and inclusive migration policies that address the complexities and ensure the protection and well-being of migrants.
- By addressing these objectives, this study seeks to contribute to the knowledge base on African migration and inform policy discussions aimed at managing migration in a way that maximizes its benefits while addressing the challenges and vulnerabilities associated with it.
- Methodology:
To explore the various aspects of African migration, a comprehensive research approach was employed. The methodology involved a combination of literature review, data analysis, and case studies to gather relevant information and insights.
- Literature Review: A thorough review of academic papers, reports, and scholarly articles was conducted to establish a theoretical framework and understanding of the topic. This included examining migration trends, push and pull factors, regional integration, vulnerability, and the socio-economic impact of migration.
- Data Analysis: Statistical data from reputable sources such as international organizations, national statistical agencies, and migration databases were collected and analyzed. This involved examining migration flows, demographic profiles, destination countries, and the economic contributions of migrants.
- Case Studies: In-depth case studies were conducted to provide a deeper understanding of specific migration dynamics, challenges, and success stories. These case studies focused on countries such as Libya and North African nations, where migration-related issues are particularly prominent. The aim was to highlight the experiences of migrants, the risks they face, and the broader implications for regional and international migration.
- Comparative Analysis: A comparative analysis approach was utilized to identify commonalities and differences in African migration patterns across different regions and countries. This allowed for a more nuanced understanding of the complex factors influencing migration and its impact on various stakeholders.
- Policy Evaluation: Existing migration policies and their effectiveness in addressing the challenges and opportunities associated with African migration were evaluated. This involved assessing policy frameworks, legal frameworks, and institutional mechanisms in place at regional, national, and international levels.
By employing this multi-faceted methodology, the study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of African migration trends, drivers, vulnerabilities, and policy implications. The combination of literature review, data analysis, case studies, comparative analysis, and policy evaluation allowed for a holistic examination of the subject matter, shedding light on both the positive aspects and the challenges faced by African migrants.
- Results
- African Migration Trends in 2021
The closures have resulted in the confinement of numerous migrants in hazardous conditions, while also compelling others to resort to more perilous migration routes. Additionally, detentions and forced deportations originating from Algeria, East Africa, and the Middle East have left a significant number of migrants stranded in foreign countries. Experts have expressed concerns that the mobility restrictions imposed during the pandemic have heightened the risk of trafficking for migrants once the pandemic subsides.
- Most African migration remains intra-regional
The majority of African migrants primarily engage in short-term, economic migration within African countries. These individuals often move in search of better job opportunities, economic prospects, or to engage in trade activities. It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of African migrants choose to remain within the continent, rather than undertaking long-distance or international migration. This highlights the significance of intra-regional migration as a major component of Africa’s migration dynamics. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing the factors that drive such internal migration flows within the African continent.
Figure 1: Ranking the Top 20 Migration Corridors involving African Countries
Source: IOM, based on 2019 data.
Africa continues to be a highly sought-after destination for migrants, as these countries collectively accommodate a significant number of international migrant workers and refugees, estimated to range between 1.5 and 2.5 million individuals. This highlights the region’s importance as both a destination and a host for migrants, with various countries in Africa providing opportunities, refuge, and support for those seeking better economic prospects or fleeing from conflict and persecution. The presence of such a substantial migrant population in Africa underscores the need for policies and initiatives that address the diverse needs and challenges faced by migrants in the region.
- Migration off the continent dropped significantly in 2020
In 2020, there was a significant decrease in migration off the continent, specifically seen in a 20 percent drop in Mediterranean Sea crossings, with a total of 81,502 arrivals. Notably, African migrants constituted approximately half of these numbers. This decline follows a trend observed over multiple years.
Figure 2: migration routes from Africa
Data Sources: UNHCR and Mixed Migration Centre
Moreover, there has been a shift in the migration routes utilized to cross the Mediterranean, with a transition from the Central to the Western Mediterranean. This shift has resulted in more perilous routes being taken, including the journey from West Africa to the Spanish Canary Islands. Tragically, statistics reveal that one in every 16 individuals undertaking this journey has either gone missing or lost their lives.
Additionally, there has been a significant decrease in sea crossings from the Horn of Africa to Yemen, with a staggering 97 percent decline between the first and third quarters of 2020 (from 27,948 to 888). These numbers have remained low since then, largely due to border restrictions imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- African Migration Trends in 2022
The push-pull forces that drive African migration are showing signs of intensification, indicating the likelihood of increased African migration both within the continent and beyond in 2022. These forces can be categorized as push factors, such as poverty, conflict, political instability, and limited economic opportunities, which compel individuals to seek better prospects elsewhere. On the other hand, pull factors, including better job opportunities, higher wages, improved living conditions, and family reunification, attract migrants to specific destinations.
The complex interplay of these push and pull factors has historically influenced African migration patterns. As these forces continue to evolve, it is expected that the trends of African migration will reflect these changes. It is crucial for policymakers and stakeholders to understand and address the underlying factors driving migration in order to develop comprehensive and sustainable solutions that address the needs and challenges of migrants while also fostering economic development and stability in both origin and destination countries.
- African Migration Trends Continue to Escalate
The number of documented migrants originating from and within the African region has experienced a substantial increase, nearly doubling since 2010. This growth reflects a continuing trend of expansion that has persisted over the past two decades. The rising numbers of documented migrants highlight the significant movement of individuals seeking improved opportunities, economic prospects, and better living conditions within and beyond Africa.
This upward trajectory in documented migration is indicative of several factors, including demographic changes, economic disparities, political instability, and social factors within the African continent. As countries develop and economies evolve, individuals are increasingly seeking avenues for advancement and are willing to migrate in search of better livelihoods. Additionally, factors such as armed conflicts, environmental challenges, and humanitarian crises in certain regions contribute to the growing number of migrants.
Understanding the dynamics and drivers of this migration trend is crucial for policymakers and organizations to develop appropriate responses and policies that address the needs and challenges faced by migrants. This includes implementing effective migration management strategies, promoting social integration, enhancing labor market opportunities, and fostering regional cooperation to ensure safe, orderly, and dignified migration within and from the African region.
Figure 3: migration withinand from Africa
Data Sources: UNHCR and Mixed Migration Centre
Migration in each country is driven by a diverse combination of push and pull factors. Conflict, repressive governance, and limited economic opportunities serve as the primary push factors. It is notable that nine out of the top 15 African countries of origin for migrants are currently experiencing conflicts.
Figure 4: African countries with largest reported number of emigrants.
Data Source: UN DESA
When it comes to migration to Europe, North Africans represent the majority of African immigrants. The top three countries of origin—Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia—account for over 5 million of the 11 million African migrants residing in Europe. This highlights the significance of factors such as proximity, established diasporas, and economic opportunities as key pull factors that influence migration decisions.
Surveys conducted among African migrants en route to or already in Europe reveal that the majority were either employed or attending school before their departure. However, they experienced a sense of despair regarding their economic prospects, leading them to seek better opportunities abroad. For instance, in 2021, Tunisians fleeing economic pressures constituted more than a quarter of irregular migrants intercepted while crossing the Mediterranean to Italy.
Migrants often have existing resources at their disposal, including job opportunities or support from family networks, particularly when their family members are already residing in another country. These resources play a crucial role in facilitating and supporting the migration process.
- Most African Migration Remains Intraregional
Most African migration predominantly occurs within the continent, following a well-established pattern. Approximately 21 million documented Africans currently reside in another African country, although this figure is likely an undercount due to the fact that many African countries do not systematically track migration. Urban areas in Nigeria, South Africa, and Egypt serve as primary destinations for this inter-African migration, reflecting the comparatively higher economic dynamism of these regions.
Figure 5: regions from which African migrants are emigrating.
Data Source: UN DESA
In addition to internal migration, a significant number of African migrants have moved off the continent. An estimated 11 million African migrants reside in Europe, with nearly 5 million in the Middle East and over 3 million in Northern America. These figures highlight the substantial presence of African migrants in various regions outside of Africa, contributing to the multicultural fabric of these destinations.
The motivations behind African migration off the continent are diverse and can include factors such as economic opportunities, family reunification, education, and seeking asylum or refuge. The experiences and contributions of African migrants in their host countries have varied impacts on both the migrants themselves and the societies they settle in. Understanding and addressing the complex dynamics of African migration, both within the continent and to other regions, is essential for effective policymaking, ensuring the protection of migrants’ rights, and promoting inclusive and sustainable development.
- The escalating frequency of climate disasters will persistently heighten vulnerability, potentially leading to increased migration.
The African continent is experiencing a higher frequency of natural disaster events compared to the global average. From droughts and floods to cyclones and pandemics, the continent faces numerous natural factors that contribute to instability.
According to projections by the World Bank, it is estimated that by 2050, Africa will see a staggering 86 million climate change migrants. This is a result of various factors, including the potential loss of livelihoods for the 18 million seasonal migrant workers engaged in sectors such as agriculture, mining, and fishing. As these industries are affected by climate change, the likelihood of permanent migration increases as individuals search for new job opportunities.
The impact of environmental changes on economic conditions is significant in West and Central Africa, as well as Ethiopia, where approximately 30 percent of the population has reported adverse effects. This further reinforces the link between climate change, environmental factors, and economic conditions, which can drive individuals to seek better prospects through migration.
Addressing the challenges posed by climate change and its impact on migration requires concerted efforts at various levels. This includes implementing measures to mitigate climate change, promoting sustainable economic practices, and providing support systems for affected communities. By addressing the root causes and vulnerabilities, it is possible to create a more resilient and sustainable future for African populations facing climate-related migration pressures.
- The Impact of COVID-19: Vulnerability Leading to Exploitation and Trafficking
The closure of borders due to the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant number of migrants being stranded across Africa. Many of them have lost their jobs and some have even lost their homes. Even after borders reopened, ongoing travel and health restrictions have severely impacted the mobility of both regular and irregular migrants.
In North Africa, the increasing difficulty of crossing from Libya to Europe has led to a shift in irregular migration routes further west, particularly towards Morocco and the Canary Islands. Those attempting to leave from Libya continue to face human rights abuses and involuntary internment.
Moreover, tens of thousands of Ethiopian migrants in the Gulf States have been detained in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions and subsequently deported. Those who remained reported instances of wage theft and coercion into more exploitative contracts with fewer protections, as they are unable to leave.
Additionally, an estimated 32,000 African migrants remain stranded in Yemen after attempting to reach the Gulf States. Tragically, some of these migrants have fallen victim to trafficking, being forced to work on farms to repay their debts or being abducted for ransom. Desperate to escape their dire situation, around 18,200 migrants have resorted to hiring smugglers to return them from Yemen to the Horn of Africa, as reported by the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
It is important to recognize that migrants themselves are not a security threat. However, when they are detained, denied assistance, and prevented from returning home or continuing their journeys, it creates an opportunity for unscrupulous actors to exploit them. Violent extremist groups and criminal networks also benefit financially from controlling migrant smuggling and trafficking routes.
Addressing the vulnerability of migrants is crucial to preventing exploitation and trafficking. This includes providing necessary support, ensuring access to legal protections, and creating avenues for safe and orderly migration. Efforts should focus on promoting human rights, combating human trafficking, and fostering international cooperation to address the root causes that lead to the vulnerability of migrants in these challenging circumstances.
- African Migration Trends to Watch in 2023
Most African migration is directed towards the economic hubs within the continent. This trend is expected to persist as regional economies continue to integrate. As economic integration deepens and trade and investment opportunities expand, individuals are drawn to these economic centers in search of better job prospects, higher wages, and improved living conditions. These economic hubs, such as major cities and industrial zones, offer a range of employment opportunities in various sectors, including manufacturing, services, and technology. Additionally, the development of transportation infrastructure and the growth of regional trade agreements further facilitate the movement of people and goods between countries, making these economic hubs even more attractive for migrants. Consequently, the concentration of economic opportunities and the potential for upward mobility in these hubs serve as powerful incentives for individuals to migrate within the continent.
- African Migration Will Continue to be Dynamic
African migration has experienced a significant and consistent rise over the last 20 years. The current record high of over 40 million African migrants represents a substantial 30 percent increase compared to the figures in 2010. This upward trend can be attributed to a combination of push and pull factors that drive individuals to seek opportunities outside their native countries.
Push factors primarily include conflicts, political instability, repressive governance, limited economic prospects, and environmental challenges. These factors force many Africans to leave their home countries in search of safety, stability, and better prospects elsewhere. Ongoing conflicts, economic hardships, and environmental degradation continue to serve as motivations for individuals to migrate, contributing to the continued growth of African migration.
On the other hand, pull factors such as economic opportunities, political stability, educational prospects, and improved living standards attract African migrants. Countries with stronger economies, robust job markets, and favorable social conditions entice individuals who are seeking enhanced livelihoods and greater social mobility.
Given the persistence of these push and pull factors, it is likely that the upward trend in African migration will continue in 2023. However, it is important to note that migration patterns are influenced by various external factors, including changes in policies, geopolitical dynamics, and global economic conditions. These factors can shape the direction and magnitude of African migration in the years to come.
In conclusion, the significant and consistent increase in African migration over the past two decades, with over 40 million African migrants currently recorded, indicates a growing trend that is anticipated to continue in 2023. The interplay between push and pull factors continues to drive individuals to seek opportunities beyond their home countries, contributing to the dynamic and evolving nature of African migration.
Figure 6: top 10 African destination countries by numbers of migrants
Data Sources: UNHCR and Mixed Migration Centre
The majority of African migration occurs within the continent as individuals seek employment opportunities in neighboring regional economic hubs, although this aspect is often overlooked. In fact, approximately 80 percent of African migrants have no intention of leaving the continent. Africa’s share of the global migrant population is relatively small, accounting for only 14 percent, compared to 41 percent from Asia and 24 percent from Europe.
Among the top destination countries within Africa, South Africa, Côte d’Ivoire, and Nigeria stand out, highlighting their role as economic centers within their respective subregions.
With the exception of Côte d’Ivoire, where migrants constitute a larger proportion of the population, migrants make up less than 5 percent of the population in each of the other top destination countries. In the case of Côte d’Ivoire, the majority of migrants come from neighboring Burkina Faso, reflecting the shared cultural attributes between the two countries.
- Expanding Net Benefits from Migration
In contrast to the common belief, approximately 85 percent of African migration is driven by regular cross-border trade and travel. This type of migration plays a significant role in enhancing economic stability, addressing labor shortages, and promoting the overall socioeconomic well-being of destination countries.
As the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) and its Free Movement of People Protocol gain traction, the region can expect to experience further economic advantages resulting from migration. The AfCFTA aims to facilitate the movement of goods, services, and people across African borders, fostering greater integration and cooperation among member states.
Figure 7: resource flows to sub-saharan African (1990-2023)
Source: KNOMAD
Migration also benefits countries of origin through the inflow of remittances. These financial contributions have a positive impact on household incomes in fragile economies, contribute to improved food security, and serve as investments in the education and future prospects of the next generation.
By recognizing the significant role of routine cross-border trade and travel, harnessing the potential of regional agreements like the AfCFTA, and acknowledging the positive effects of remittances, African countries can leverage migration as a valuable tool for economic growth, social development, and stability.
- Climate Change Will Create More Environmental Migrants
In contrast to the common belief, approximately 85 percent of African migration is driven by regular cross-border trade and travel. This type of migration plays a significant role in enhancing economic stability, addressing labor shortages, and promoting the overall socioeconomic well-being of destination countries.
As the Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) and its Free Movement of People Protocol gain traction, the region can expect to experience further economic advantages resulting from migration. The AfCFTA aims to facilitate the movement of goods, services, and people across African borders, fostering greater integration and cooperation among member states.
Figure 7: climate change will drive migration
Source: world bank
Migration also benefits countries of origin through the inflow of remittances. These financial contributions have a positive impact on household incomes in fragile economies, contribute to improved food security, and serve as investments in the education and future prospects of the next generation.
By recognizing the significant role of routine cross-border trade and travel, harnessing the potential of regional agreements like the AfCFTA[1], and acknowledging the positive effects of remittances, African countries can leverage migration as a valuable tool for economic growth, social development, and stability.
- Some African Migrants Continue to Face Acute Risks
Approximately 15 percent of African migrants, particularly those without proper documentation, face significant vulnerability to exploitation and trafficking. They are at higher risk along their migration route or in their destination country.
Libya serves as a glaring example of the dangers faced by migrants, with reports of grave human rights abuses including murder, torture, rape, persecution, and enslavement carried out by traffickers, militias, and even some state authorities.
North Africans continue to account for a large portion of African migrants crossing the Mediterranean to Europe. The deteriorating state of democratic institutions and persistent economic challenges in countries like Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, and Libya are likely to drive more individuals to seek opportunities in Europe.
Disturbingly, Africa has recorded over 9,000 deaths related to migration since 2014, and over 25,000 people have gone missing while attempting to cross the waters between Africa and Europe.
Many countries still approach migration as a criminal issue rather than recognizing it as a consequence of limited economic opportunities and the lack of safe and regular pathways for migrants.
Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts to combat human trafficking, protect the rights of migrants, improve economic opportunities within Africa, and establish safer migration channels. It is crucial for governments, regional bodies, and international organizations to work together to address the root causes of migration vulnerability and create a more secure and humane environment for migrants.
In summary, African migration is a complex phenomenon with diverse patterns and impacts. While the majority of African migration occurs within the continent for economic purposes, a significant portion of migrants face vulnerability and exploitation, especially those traveling without official documentation. Libya remains a dangerous transit and destination country for migrants, with reports of severe human rights abuses. North Africans continue to be prominent in Mediterranean crossings to Europe, driven by political and economic challenges in their home countries. Tragically, migration-related deaths and disappearances are alarmingly high. It is crucial to address migration as a symptom of limited economic opportunities and create safer pathways for migrants. Efforts to combat human trafficking, protect migrant rights, and improve economic conditions are vital for a more secure and humane migration environment in Africa.
- Discussion of Results
Based on the results of the study, several important findings emerged that shed light on the topic. These findings are as follows:
- The majority of African migration occurs within the continent, primarily driven by routine cross-border trade and travel. This challenges the common perception that African migration is predominantly towards destinations outside the continent. It emphasizes the significance of regional integration and economic interconnectedness in shaping migration patterns.
- The Africa Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) and its Free Movement of People Protocol have the potential to further enhance the economic benefits associated with migration in the region. By facilitating the movement of people, these agreements can promote trade, investment, and labor mobility, leading to increased economic growth and development.
- Migration plays a crucial role in addressing labor gaps and contributing to economic stability in destination countries. By filling positions in sectors experiencing shortages, migrants contribute to the overall productivity and competitiveness of economies. This highlights the positive impact of migration on the socioeconomic well-being of both migrants and host communities.
- Remittances sent by African migrants have significant implications for countries of origin. These financial transfers provide a vital source of income for households in fragile economies, helping to stabilize their livelihoods and improve food security. Additionally, remittances can be directed towards education, representing an investment in the next generation and contributing to human capital development.
- It is crucial to address the vulnerabilities faced by a subset of African migrants, particularly those traveling without official documentation. This group is at a higher risk of exploitation and human trafficking along their migration routes or in destination countries. Efforts should be made to protect their rights, ensure their safety, and provide support services.
- Libya stands out as a particularly dangerous country for migrants, with reports of grave human rights violations perpetrated by traffickers, militias, and even some state authorities. This underscores the urgent need for international cooperation and intervention to protect the rights and safety of migrants in transit countries.
- The ongoing migration of Africans to Europe, particularly across the Mediterranean, highlights the challenges faced by individuals seeking better economic opportunities and stability. Economic hardships and political instability in North African countries contribute to the decision of many to embark on perilous journeys in search of a better life.
These findings provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of African migration and emphasize the need for comprehensive policies and strategies that address the drivers and consequences of migration. They highlight the potential benefits of well-managed migration for both origin and destination countries, as well as the urgent need to protect the rights and well-being of migrants.
Resources
- Aderanti Adepoju, Corrado Fumagalli, and Nanjala Nyabola, eds., “Africa Migration Report: Challenging the Narrative,” International Organization for Migration, 2020.
- Albert G. Zeufack, Cesar Calderon, Megumi Kubota, Vijdan Korman, Catalina Cantu Canales, Alain N. Kabundi, “Africa’s Pulse, No. 24,” World Bank, October 2021.
- Chris Horwood and Bram Frouws (eds.), “Mixed Migration Review 2021,” Mixed Migration Centre, 2021.
- Chris Horwood, Bram Frouws and Roberto Forin, eds., “Mixed Migration Review 2022,”Mixed Migration Centre, 2022.
- Cesar Calderon, Alain Kabundi, Megumi Kubota, Vijdan Korman, Aparajita Goyal, Paavo Eliste, Vanina Daphne Forget, “Africa’s Pulse, No. 26,”World Bank, October 2022.
- International Organization of Migration, “World Migration Report 2022,” 2021.
- Wendy Williams, “Shifting Borders: Africa’s Displacement Crisis and Its Security Implications,” Africa Center Research Paper No. 8, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, October 2019.
- “Le Grand Sud, l’autre Algérie,” Jeune Afrique, May 14, 2012.
- Tarik Dahou, “Les marges transnationales et locales de l’État algérien,” Politique africaine No. 137 (2015), 7–25.
- Naoual Belakhdar, “’L’éveil du sud’ ou quand la contestation vient de la marge,” Politique africaine No. 137 (2015), 27–48.
- Salim Chena, “L’Algérie et son Sud: Quels enjeux sécuritaires?” Institut français des relations internationales (November 2013).
- Isabelle Mandraud, “Menaces sur le ‘Sud tranquille’ algérien,” Le Monde, September 3, 2013.
- Houria Alioua, “Folie meurtrière au Mzab : 25 morts,” El Watan, July 8, 2015.
- Sherelle Jacobs, “Shadow of Jihadi Safe Haven Hangs Over Tunisia, Algeria,” World Politics Review, May 21, 2013.
- Querine Hanlon and Matthew M. Herbert, “Border Security Challenges in the Grand Maghreb,” Peaceworks No. 109 (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2015).
- Aida Alami, “Morocco’s Stability Is Roiled by Monthslong Protests Over Fishmonger’s Death,” New York Times, August 26, 2017.
[1] AfCFTA stands for the African Continental Free Trade Agreement. It is an agreement among African Union member states aimed at creating a single market for goods and services in Africa, promoting intra-African trade, and boosting economic integration across the continent. The AfCFTA seeks to eliminate tariffs and trade barriers, facilitate the movement of goods and services, and enhance economic cooperation among African countries. It is a significant step towards fostering economic growth, expanding trade opportunities, and driving sustainable development in Africa.
