Prepared by the researche : ABDELGHANI AMOUKLACH – UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO, FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK, INDONESIA
Received: 26/06/2024, Accepted: 14/09/2024, Published: 30/09/2024
Democratic Arabic Center
Journal of Social Sciences : Thirty-third Issue – September 2024
A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin
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Abstract
The article titled “The Democratic Pulse: Tracking Political Evolution in Morocco” explores the multifaceted process of democratic transition in Morocco. Utilizing a qualitative methodology, the study analyzes a range of primary and secondary sources, including scholarly articles, government documents, and expert analyses. The main argument posits that Morocco’s path toward democratic transition is unique within the context of North Africa and the Middle East, shaped by a complex interplay between the monarchical system, political elites, civil society, and external influences, along with a civilizational legacy that is intricate and interconnected.
The article begins by situating Morocco’s political development within a historical and theoretical framework, exploring the legacy of colonialism and the theoretical foundations of democratic transition. It then delves into the role of the monarchical system and political elites, scrutinizing their impact on the political landscape and the extent to which they facilitate or hinder democratic reforms. The analysis extends to include the political party system, electoral processes, and the sharp divide between Islamists and secularists, assessing their influence on the trajectory of democratic transition. A significant focus is placed on the role of civil society in enhancing democratic participation. The study evaluates the contributions and challenges faced by non-governmental organizations and social movements, highlighting the obstacles that impede their effectiveness and the strategies used to overcome them.
A comparative analysis with other countries affected by the Arab Spring provides a broader regional perspective, while international influences are examined to understand their role in shaping democratic reforms in Morocco. The article concludes with a discussion of current trends, future prospects, and policy-related recommendations, emphasizing the need for sustained local and international support for Morocco’s democratic journey.
The study concludes that although Morocco has made notable strides toward democratic transition, the process remains fragile and depends on the continued engagement of all stakeholders. The study underscores the importance of understanding Morocco’s unique context to foster a democratic system that reflects the country’s specific political, social, and cultural dynamics
1 Introduction
Morocco, a country with a rich and ancient history, stands as a significant player in both regional and international politics within North Africa. Its civilization, which dates back thousands of years, has been shaped by a myriad of cultural influences, including Berber, Arab, and European elements. This cultural mosaic is reflected in Morocco’s diverse social fabric and its dynamic political landscape.
Throughout its history, Morocco has experienced a series of political, social, and economic transformations. These developments have been driven by various factors, including colonial legacies, economic modernization, and social movements. The country’s strategic location at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and the Arab world has further amplified its importance on the global stage.
In recent decades, Morocco has embarked on a path of democratization, aiming to build and strengthen institutions of legitimate governance. This process has involved constitutional reforms, the establishment of a multi-party political system, and efforts to enhance civil liberties and human rights. However, the journey towards a fully democratic state is fraught with challenges. These challenges are multifaceted, encompassing political, economic, social, and human rights dimensions.
Politically, Morocco faces the task of balancing traditional monarchical authority with the demands for greater democratic participation and accountability. Economically, the country must address issues such as unemployment, economic inequality, and the need for sustainable development. Socially, there are ongoing efforts to improve education, healthcare, and social services, while also tackling issues related to gender equality and social inclusion. In terms of human rights, Morocco continues to work on ensuring the protection of individual freedoms and the rule of law.
Given these complexities, it is imperative to study the challenges facing Morocco’s democratization process in depth. This involves analyzing the underlying causes of these challenges, assessing the effectiveness of current policies, and proposing viable solutions. Additionally, the role of decision-makers is crucial in this context. They must activate and implement the necessary mechanisms to facilitate a smooth and effective democratic transition. This includes fostering dialogue and cooperation among various political and social actors, ensuring transparency and accountability in governance, and promoting inclusive and participatory decision-making processes.
There is no doubt that countries are known for their archives, their deep history nd the succession of different civilizations and diverse cultures that have a great historical extension, in this section of this thesis, I will very briefly recall the historical depth of Morocco through its multiple phases:
1.1 Morocco Prehistoric
The discovery of fossilized bones in Sale and Ighud Mount offers a fascinating glimpse into the lives of early human ancestors who inhabited these regions hundreds of thousands of years ago. These findings are not just isolated pieces of history; they are crucial to piecing together the broader narrative of human evolution and migration. By studying these ancient remains, scientists can uncover valuable information about the physical characteristics, behaviors, and environmental adaptations of our predecessors. This, in turn, helps us understand how early humans survived and thrived in diverse and often challenging environments. It is truly amazing to reflect on the resilience and adaptability of our species over such vast periods of time, highlighting the incredible journey of human development and survival .(Theroux, 2022)
1.2 Phoenician and Roman Influences
The Phoenicians, renowned seafarers and traders, established several colonies along the Moroccan coast. Their presence was significant as it linked Morocco to the broader Mediterranean world, leveraging its distinct geographical location. This connection facilitated extensive cultural exchange and trade, enriching both the local and Phoenician societies. The indigenous Amazigh people, with their rich and diverse heritage, coexisted with the Phoenicians, creating a unique blend of cultures and traditions.
The influence of the Phoenicians in Morocco laid the groundwork for subsequent historical developments. Their settlements and trade networks attracted the attention of other powerful civilizations, eventually leading to the annexation of the region by the Roman Empire. This period of Roman rule further integrated Morocco into the classical world, bringing new administrative structures, architectural styles, and economic systems.
Morocco’s strategic location and cultural richness have made it a coveted region for various states throughout history. From the Phoenicians to the Romans, and later other empires and nations, Morocco has been a focal point of interest due to its potential for trade, cultural exchange, and strategic advantage .(Whittaker, 1974)
1.3 Arab-Islamic Rule (7th Century)
In the seventh century AD, Arab-Islamic rule began in Morocco, marking a significant turning point in the region’s history. Arab conquerors introduced Islam, which became deeply rooted in Moroccan society and culture. They established powerful dynasties that not only governed the land but also influenced its development in various ways.
During the medieval period, Berber dynasties such as the Almoravids (ALMORABITIN) and Almohads (ALMOUAHIDIN) emerged as dominant forces. These dynasties played crucial roles in shaping Morocco’s strategic importance. The Almoravids, for instance, were known for their military prowess and efforts to spread Islam, while the Almohads were recognized for their contributions to architecture, philosophy, and science.
Morocco’s strategic location facilitated extensive trade across North Africa, the Mediterranean, and beyond. This trade network served as a vital link between Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, fostering economic growth and cultural exchange. The process of acculturation, where different cultures influenced each other, also made a significant contribution to Morocco’s rich and diverse heritage.
In summary, Arab-Islamic rule left a lasting impact on Morocco, shaping its culture, trade networks, and intellectual achievements. The legacy of this period is evident in the country’s enduring Islamic traditions, architectural marvels, and historical significance as a crossroads of civilizations .(Hakimi, 2016)
1.4 Colonial Period
European powers, particularly Spain and Portugal, were keen to dominate Moroccan territory during the age of exploration due to its strategic location. This period was marked by regional conflicts, cultural clashes, and the rise of powerful states, as noted by (Hammoudi, 2010). Among these powers, France played a significant role.
The establishment of the French protectorate in 1912 brought about substantial social and political transformations in Morocco. The imposition of colonial rule sparked widespread resistance, leading to the rural war. This conflict, driven by the Moroccan people’s determination to resist foreign domination, profoundly influenced the nation’s identity and left a lasting legacy on its social and political landscape. The struggle against colonialism became a defining element of Moroccan national consciousness, shaping its modern history and contributing to the development of a distinct Moroccan identity.
1.5 Independent Morocco
Morocco’s independence in 1956 marked a significant turning point in its history, ushering in a new era of self-governance and national identity. The Alaouite dynasty, which has ruled since the 17th century, continues to lead the nation, providing a sense of continuity and stability. Modern Morocco is a tapestry of diverse cultural influences, seamlessly blending Berber, Arab, and European elements. This rich cultural heritage is evident in its vibrant traditions, stunning architecture, and dynamic arts scene, reflecting the country’s complex history and the various civilizations that have left their mark .(Philip & Schaefer, 2009)
Morocco’s historical journey is a testament to human resilience, adaptability, and the fruitful interaction between different civilizations(Idrissi, 2024). The nation’s ability to integrate various cultural influences while maintaining a unique identity highlights its strength and versatility. However, despite its rich and storied past, Morocco faces contemporary political challenges. Regional tensions and the delicate balance between tradition and modernity shape the nation’s trajectory. Debates about governance, human rights, and the democratic transition are central to Morocco’s ongoing development. These issues continue to define Morocco’s path forward, as the country navigates the complexities of modern statehood while honoring its historical legacy.
1.6 Democratic transition after independence
This thesis also will analyse the challenges that Morocco faced after its independence, highlighting the social, political and economic aspects by analysing the following points:
- Social inequality
Social inequality is a major challenge for many countries, including post-independence Morocco. It encompasses disparities in income, economic opportunities, education, health, and access to basic services(Dévényi Kinga, 2022). These inequalities manifest in various forms, such as the concentration of wealth among a small elite, limited access to quality education for marginalized communities, and significant differences in healthcare availability between urban and rural areas. Such disparities can hinder social mobility and perpetuate cycles of poverty.
In Morocco, these gaps have historically led to social and economic unrest, as marginalized groups often feel excluded from the benefits of economic growth and development. The lack of equitable access to resources and opportunities can fuel dissatisfaction and lead to protests and demands for more inclusive policies. Addressing social inequality is thus crucial for achieving social cohesion and sustainable development (OECD reviews of public governance). By implementing policies that promote equal opportunities and access to essential services, Morocco can work towards reducing these disparities and fostering a more inclusive society.
- Lack of trust in government institutions
Lack of trust in government institutions is a real challenge that can affect a country’s stability and capacity for sustainable development. If citizens do not perceive that government institutions represent their interests, division and tension in society may increase (Malki, 2018). So political instability can therefore lead to instability and inability to formulate long-term development policies (Schafer et al., 2002). This type of instability can lead to distrust of government and institutions, increasing the country’s challenges.
The breadth of the topic of democratic transition in Morocco prompts us to familiarise ourselves with the problems that Morocco experienced during that era. In the midst of these issues that plagued the Moroccan political system after gaining independence (Howe, 2005), political decision-makers had to undertake a number of fundamental reforms that would have mitigated the chasm left by colonialism, which divided the Moroccan people and exploited their resources and wealth. Since independence, Morocco has witnessed political and constitutional development rich in lessons and events that affected the nature of the political system and the relations between the various political forces (Alapján-, 2016). Political life after independence was heated and relations between the parties and the royal institution were characterised by competition and self-assertion between the palace and some symbols of leftist parties, but the consensus on the 1996 Constitution led to a political breakthrough and new relations between the various political forces.
The Moroccan political scene has witnessed a series of electoral stations, the results and extent of which varied according to the local and regional political and social conditions that governed the strategies and decisions of the various political actors (Ashford, 2015). Nearly five decades after the establishment of the Moroccan state and the holding of the first electoral station, the questions raised before the 1963 elections regarding the perception of the Moroccan political and party scene are still being asked again (Szmolka, 2010), but in the context of data and circumstances with different levels and dimensions than the previous ones, and under a new constitution that came at the height of popular protests in Arab and North African countries that focused on fighting corruption and bribery and demanding transparency and linking the exercise of power and public responsibility to monitoring and accountability (Dévényi Kinga, 2022).
2 Pivotal questions
Based on these data and the historical milestones that characterized the Moroccan political scene, which made it a fertile ground for study and analysis, especially in light of political stability and volatility at the same time, the following reference questions can be built:”Democratic Transition in Morocco”:
2.1 What are the key factors for a democratic transition?
2.2 what are the challenges it faces, and how can these challenges be used as opportunities to fortify the democratic process?
3 Previous Studies
In the same vein, the article will touch on some of the literary studies that have made the topic of political development in Morocco the focus of their attention, for example:
3.1 First Study
John Waterbury’s study in his book “The Commander of the Faithful, the Monarchy and the Moroccan Political Elite (zartman, 1972). He acknowledged the existence of social pluralism in Moroccan society, with constantly shifting alliances that may conflict with each other. This situation makes the democratisation process complex and prone to falter, even if superficial changes occur. Between 1912, when the Protectorate was imposed, and 1955, a year before independence, Morocco underwent significant change in its political framework, as its modern administrative structure was consolidated and expanded at the expense of the zawiyas and tribes, and in the nature of its economy, with the emergence of a working class and the decline of the merchant class in its traditional sense.
Waterbury concluded that these changes constitute the most prominent effects of what he called the French legacy, and that Morocco did not experience significant change in terms of political and social organisation before 1912, unlike some North African countries that experienced some elements of modernisation at the hands of the Ottoman administration or the French occupation and European economic penetration.
Generaly John Waterbury’s study , he explores the intricate dynamics of Moroccan society, emphasizing social pluralism and ever-shifting alliances. These complexities pose challenges to the democratization process, even when superficial changes occur. Notably, between 1912 (when the Protectorate was imposed) and 1955 (a year before independence), Morocco underwent significant transformations:
- Political Framework: The modern administrative structure expanded, sidelining traditional zawiyas and tribes.
- Economic Shifts: The emergence of a working class coincided with the decline of the traditional merchant class.
- French Legacy: Waterbury attributes these changes to the French legacy, which significantly impacted Morocco’s political and social organization.
Interestingly, unlike some North African countries, Morocco experienced limited pre-1912 modernization under Ottoman administration or French occupation.
3.2 Second study
“Morocco and Transition to Democracy: The Enduring Struggle” by Ghazali Abubakar: (Abubakar, 2019).
“Morocco and Transition to Democracy: The Enduring Struggle” by Ghazali Bello Abubakar, the author delves into the intricate dynamics that have influenced Morocco’s path towards democracy. Abubakar meticulously dissects the impact of modernity alongside the deeply rooted traditions within Moroccan society. He elucidates how the monarchy, rather than opting for sudden and potentially destabilizing changes, adopted a strategy of incremental reforms to navigate towards democracy. This approach, as highlighted in the text, allowed for the establishment of a systematic equilibrium, where traditional values and democratic aspirations coexist. One of the notable strengths of Abubakar’s work lies in its comprehensive provision of historical context. By tracing the evolution of Morocco’s political landscape, the reader gains a deeper understanding of the challenges and triumphs encountered along the way. Moreover, the text underscores the necessity of pragmatism during periods of transition, acknowledging the complexities inherent in balancing tradition with the aspirations for democratic governance. However, amidst the thorough examination of Morocco’s political evolution, Abubakar’s work may exhibit certain shortcomings. Particularly, there is a suggestion that the text could delve more extensively into the role played by civil society actors and grassroots movements in shaping Morocco’s democratic trajectory. While the focus on institutional reforms and monarchic strategies is essential, a more nuanced exploration of bottom-up dynamics could enrich the analysis and provide a more holistic understanding of Morocco’s enduring struggle towards democracy.
3.3 Third study
Civil Society and Democratic Transition in Morocco: Fishman’s study (Fishman, 2017), employs a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative data to examine the role of civil society in Morocco’s democratic transition. Civil society refers to nongovernmental organizations, social movements, and citizen groups that work to promote social change and democratic values.
The study mainly focuses on understanding how civil society contributes to the democratization process in Morocco. Fishman’s research highlights the ways in which civil society organizations have fostered political awareness, advocated for accountability, and pushed for reforms.
However, the study also identifies a gap in our understanding of how to strengthen civil society’s capacity for sustained influence. While civil society has played a vital role, challenges likely remain. The researcher may explore these challenges in more detail. What are the obstacles that hinder the effectiveness of civil society? How can these obstacles be overcome to ensure civil society’s continued contribution to democratic development in Morocco?
By addressing this gap, the study can provide valuable insights to support and empower civil society organizations not only in Morocco but also in other countries undergoing democratic transitions.
4 Objetives of the Research
The objectives of this article are to clarify the features of the Moroccan political scene and the development it has witnessed throughout history until now, highlighting the various manifestations of this complex political development, which is governed by different structures, which we mention accordingly in the paragraphs of this article.
4.1 Objective 1: Assess Challenges and Opportunities
Another key goal is to rigorously assess the challenges and opportunities that emerged during Morocco’s democratic transition. We will critically evaluate obstacles faced by the transition process, such as institutional limitations, societal resistance, and economic constraints. Simultaneously, we will identify potential pathways and opportunities for further progress toward a fully democratic system.
4.2 Objective 2: Evaluate Reforms and Societal Impact
Our research will delve into the specific political and social reforms that have been implemented in Morocco. By examining their impact on Moroccan society, we aim to provide empirical evidence and insights into the effectiveness of these reforms. This evaluation will inform policymakers, academics, and civil society stakeholders.
4.3 Objective 3: Contribute to Academic Discourse
As scholars, our intention is to contribute meaningfully to the academic dialogue on democracy in Morocco. By synthesizing existing literature, conducting empirical research, and offering fresh perspectives, we aspire to enrich scholarly discussions and enhance our collective understanding of democratic transitions.
4.4 Objective 4: Inform Policy and Civil Society
Beyond academia, our research seeks practical relevance. We aim to provide valuable insights that can inform policy decisions and empower civil society actors. By bridging theory and practice, we hope to facilitate informed decision-making and foster positive democratic developments in Morocco.
5 Research Method
This article will focus on the research methodology in tracing political development in Morocco by emphasizing the challenges and opportunities associated with it, by presenting a research design that outlines the methods used in conducting the research, such as qualitative methods. Then, how to integrate these methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic. The chapter includes detailed information about the research context, including the historical background of Morocco’s democratic transition and the political, economic, and social factors influencing it, and then describes the nature, collection methods, and types of data used in the research. This includes primary data collected from articles, books, and critical theses, as well as secondary data from official documents and reports. The validity and reliability of these data will also be discussed.
The research methodology employed in this article is qualitative because of its effectiveness in exploring political development in Morocco, using a descriptive design to critically assess the process of development and its inherent challenges, informed by the theoretical contributions and literature review. Through document analysis, case studies, and statistical scrutiny, the article traces the complex interplay of historical, cultural, social, and economic influences on political development. Data collection and analysis is geared towards dissecting official narratives and public discourse, and examining pivotal events and political shifts during the Arab Spring to understand the dynamics of local initiatives and international influences. In essence, the article aims to reveal how perceived obstacles can be reframed as catalysts to drive political development, highlighting the crucial role of policymakers in steering Morocco towards a progressive political era.
6 Result
This article attempts to explore Morocco’s political evolution, a multifaceted narrative shaped by historical events, socioeconomic transformations, and tensions between ancient traditions and contemporary forces. The findings confirm that Morocco’s democratic journey has been characterized by intermittent reforms, each reflecting the country’s adaptive responses to a myriad of internal challenges and external geopolitical pressures that have constrained reform.
One of the key findings of the study is the identification of key periods when social inequality and distrust of government institutions peaked and became key drivers of political and social change. These periods were characterized by an increase in the activity of civil society organizations that played an important role in stimulating public debates about governance and democracy. The increase in activity is not a stand-alone phenomenon but is closely linked to a broader reassessment of governance models, reflecting society’s search for more inclusive and representative forms of governance.
Moreover, the findings highlight the cautious approach towards reforming the monarchy, which can be seen as a strategic journey through the complexities of modernization while seeking to maintain stability. This approach involves a series of incremental but meaningful reforms that do not aim to overturn the existing system but to gradually integrate democratic principles into Morocco’s traditional governance framework.
These strategic reforms help address some of the most pressing issues, such as increasing institutional transparency, improving the accountability of government officials, and expanding citizens’ political participation. The monarchy’s efforts to balance the protection of Morocco’s unique cultural heritage with the imperatives of modern governance thus marked the country’s political evolution toward a more democratic society.
The study also underscores the role of external influences, such as international organizations and foreign governments, in shaping Morocco’s political landscape. These external actors have often exerted pressure on the Moroccan government to implement democratic reforms, while also providing support and resources to civil society organizations. This external dimension adds another layer of complexity to Morocco’s political evolution, as the country navigates the delicate balance between maintaining sovereignty and responding to international expectations.
Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of economic factors in driving political change. Economic crises, unemployment, and poverty have often acted as catalysts for social unrest and demands for political reform. The government’s ability to address these economic challenges has been crucial in maintaining social stability and advancing the democratic process.
In conclusion, Morocco’s political evolution is a dynamic and ongoing process, influenced by a multitude of internal and external factors. The country’s journey towards democracy is marked by a series of strategic reforms that aim to integrate democratic principles into its traditional governance framework, while also addressing pressing social and economic issues. This complex interplay of factors highlights the unique path that Morocco has taken in its quest for a more inclusive and representative political system.
7 Discussion
Morocco’s political landscape is a tapestry of historical legacy, social pluralism, and the tug-of-war between tradition and modernity. The monarchy’s strategy of gradual reform, as highlighted by Aboubakar, suggests a cautious approach to democratization, balancing the preservation of traditional authority rooted in Moroccan history with contemporary gradual modernization (Abubakar, 2019).This reflects the broader Arab context where the interplay between authoritarian stability and democratic aspirations is a recurring theme, and thus an apprehension and fear of what will happen as seen in the work of scholars such as Ashford.
Civil society, emphasized by Fishman, has a pivotal role in this balance, acting as a voice for the masses and a catalyst for reform (Fishman, 2017). The involvement of civil society in the political sphere in Morocco is evidence of the evolution of the public sphere in the country, as popular movements seek greater political inclusion and accountability. This dynamic is further complicated by the fragmentation of the party system, which Szmolka sees as both a challenge to political cohesion and an opportunity for diverse representation and openness to new directions (Szmolka, 2010).
The Islamic awakening in Morocco, which Howe explores, adds another layer to the complexity, where religious awakening is intertwined with political expression [^Howe]. The rise of the Islamist movement reflects a search for identity and models of governance that are compatible with Moroccan values, but it also raises questions about the integration of these movements into the broader political framework while maintaining the traditional values previously outlined by Aboubakar (Abubakar, 2019).
To enrich this discussion, it can take into account the perspectives of other scholars who have studied similar topics in different contexts. For example, an examination of Theroux’s work on the evolution of behaviorally modern Homo sapiens sapiens could provide Insights into foundational aspects of societal evolution and governance (Theroux, 2022).In addition, Whittaker’s study offers a glimpse into the impact of Western civilizations throughout history as he gives a historical perspective on colonialism and assimilation, which can shed light on the long-term effects of foreign influence on political structures in Morocco (Whittaker, 1974).
In conclusion, Morocco’s political evolution is a mosaic of historical influences, societal dynamics, and strategic governance. The interaction of these factors continues to shape the country’s trajectory towards a more inclusive and representative political system in the hope of modernizing a state that makes democratic principles its anchor and not just an image that says to the world, are you watching, we are practicing democracy and the reality is something else.
8 Conclusion
In conclusion, the article “The Pulse of Democracy: Tracking Political Developments in Morocco” provides a detailed summary of the resilience and adaptability of Moroccan society in the face of various political, social, and economic challenges. The research objectives were successfully met, as the article offers a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing democratization in Morocco. It highlights how the country, while grappling with the remnants of its colonial past and the complexities of modern governance, continues to make strides toward a more democratic state, even if these strides are nominal.
The study emphasizes that Morocco’s journey towards democratization is marked by both progress and setbacks. It underscores the importance of understanding the historical context and the ongoing efforts to balance traditional governance structures with modern democratic principles. The resilience of Moroccan society is evident in its ability to adapt to changing political landscapes and to push for reforms that promote greater political participation and accountability.
Recommendations for future research include a more in-depth examination of the role of youth and digital media in shaping political discourse. The study suggests that these elements are crucial in understanding the evolving political dynamics in Morocco. Additionally, it calls for an analysis of the impact of global economic trends on Morocco’s political stability, as economic factors play a significant role in shaping political outcomes. By exploring these areas, future research can provide deeper insights into the ongoing democratization process in Morocco and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
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