The Role of News Translation in Portraying the Islamist Discourse in News Reports for both Media Institutions (BBC & Al Arabiya)

Prepared by the researche : Hind Saad AL Rashid – Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Democratic Arabic Center

Arabic journal for Translation studies : Eighth Issue – July 2024

A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin

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1. Introduction

In today’s globalized world, the role of news translation in shaping public perception of various issues, including the Islamist discourse, cannot be underestimated. News translation plays a crucial role in how information is disseminated and understood by audiences around the world. When it comes to reporting on Islamist groups and their ideologies, accurate and nuanced translation is essential to avoid misinterpretation and misrepresentation.

News translation can either shed light on the complexities of the Islamist discourse or perpetuate stereotypes and misconceptions. The way in which news reports are translated can influence how readers perceive Islamist groups, their beliefs, and their actions. A mistranslation or a biased translation can have far-reaching consequences, shaping public opinion and policy decisions.

It is important for translators and journalists to approach the translation of news reports on Islamist groups with sensitivity and accuracy. Translators must be aware of the nuances of the language used by these groups and the cultural context in which they operate. They must strive to convey the intended meaning of the original text without adding or omitting information that could distort the message. In this study, the researcher’s analyses the textual data collected, the role of news translation in portraying the Islamist discourse in news reports and translation in the textual production of the news reports dealing with the Islamist discourse in news media institutions, represented in this study by the BBC and Al Arabiya, Arabic and English, news reports within each institution. The text analysis explores the translation patterns used in this kind of discourse. Thus, this paper explores the news translation concepts, practices, and strategies at the two leading media and news institutions.

Text analysis involves comprehensive scrutiny of written text as a means of ensuring a deep understanding of the source text (ST) and identification of implicit translation issues. Translation-oriented source text analysis serves the purpose of ensuring full comprehension and correct interpretation of the explicit text and provides explanations to the linguistic and textual structures coupled with their relationship with social systems or norms of the source language. Text analysis offers significant insights into the decisions made by translators during the translation (Nord 2005:2). Text analysis is majorly applied in translation studies to make comparisons between the source text (ST) and the translated text (TT), examining how translators solve the challenges experienced during the translation process and the various translation strategies adopted by translators.

The textual analysis of this research is concentrates on the role of news translation in portraying the Islamist discourse in news reports. This is done by focusing on translation matters of labeling, the use of language; is it neutral or biased manner, the implantation of Islamists direct and indirect quotations, and the practices of contextualization and reconceptualization. This involves selecting information, quotations to be included in each news report, which are directly connect to the production of the Islamist’s discourse in the news reports.

To establish the adopted translation practices and strategies in this study, the original source news report will be the institution’s original language under investigation. The original news report ‘source texts’ for the BBC are the English reports, while the Arabic news reports are the ‘target texts.’ For Al-Arabiya, the original news reports ‘source texts’ are the Arabic news reports, while the English reports are the ‘target texts.’

Firstly, I would like briefly list some of the most known hallmarks of the Islamist discourse. This is to clarify the road map of the textual analysis, so it becomes leading signs to what we are looking for in the analyses.

Sub- questions

• What are the main translation strategies and practices used by news institutions in dealing with texts related to Islamist discourse?
• How do translators’ beliefs in news institutions influence the translation practices and strategies used in news reports dealing with Islamist discourse?
• What is the role of news translation in shaping public perception of Islamist groups and their ideologies, and how does it help bridge cultural divides?
• What are the differences in the English and Arabic versions of the translation strategies used for both media institutions (BBC & Al Arabiya) when portraying the Islamist discourse in news reports.

2. Theoretical framework

2.1 The news guidelines of the news institutions, their role in the produced news reports, and the translation effect on news report input

The editorial guidelines in both institutions prevent any act of promotion of terrorism and violence by their employers by means of gathering information, interviewing aids, or use of language. This is stated clearly in the BBC Editorial Guidelines available on its website (BBC World, 2014). BBC World Service in this editorial guide clearly states that the BBC doesn’t impose threatening messages, like the messages found in Islamist speeches as al-Qaida speeches. It adds that it does not run or publish these messages since they are considered a means of preventing economic damage and spreading terror, is illegal. In addition, this point was widely confirmed in the responses of the two institutions’ interviews.  However, the issue of translating to English of something that was originally translated by the Islamists themselves raises the question of how neutral the global media is. The translation by a global news agency or an institution such as SITE, though professional, carries with it an American approval and domination.

Table (1) is the most prominent hallmarks of the Islamist discourse in general terms

(Copsey, et al, 2013)

2.2 Visibility of translation

In the practice of translation, the source language is the language being translated from, while the target language, also called the receptor language, is the language being translated into.

The issue of translation visibility is investigated through the analysis of the Islamists’ direct and indirect quotations identified in the texts, the indication of sources of (in)direct quotes. Regarding this feature, the analysis is investigating whether news reports explicitly mention the source, e.g: BBC T1: “Said”

BBC T1 A: أعلنت””

The English report used the verb: said, while the Arabic report used the verb: declared

The indirect speech shadows the voice of the Islamists.

The verb used in the Arabic report is more powerful than the verb used in the English.

BBC T2:He said: “I ask the army chief: What….”

BBC T2 A:وقال شهيدي “اسأل قائد الجيش “.

BBC T3:All deny the charges against them and opposition leaders accuse the government of carrying out a political vendetta.

BBC T3A:ونفى جميع الموقوفين الاتهامات الموجهة لهم

The direct quotation in both reports gave the Islamists a voice.

3. Analysis of Matters, Aspects, Patterns of Regularities of Language Directionality

Matters relating to aspects, patterns of regularity of language orientation, in specific practices, and strategies more frequently in a single language version or in one specific direction of translation are further analyzed in the differences between their English and Arabic versions of the news report by examining each component of each institution’s text data first and then. The results of the institutions are compared; for example one of the most emotive aspects of Islamist’s discourse language can be noticed in the use of the figures of speech. Usually, these figures of speech are rendered from the Holy Qur’an, Hadeeth, or the stories of the companions of the Prophet (peace be on him) to gain attention and admiration, and most importantly to evoke the sentiments of the receivers.

The comparative examples Translation strategies for both media institutions (BBC &Al Arabiya)

The data collected from both institutions (BBC &Al Arabiya) reveals that translation strategies used, do not follow one language direction route in their application in the reports or one pattern. These varieties of translation practices in some cases are due to language rules, the news report recipient’s interest, the country’s view of the events taking place in it, the world regulations and rules regarding the dissemination and dealing with speeches said or issued by Islamist groups for examples.

3.1 The translation strategies and the comparative examples and back translation of  BBC

BBC 1T: Ansar al-Sharia Salafist

BBC 1AT: “أنصار الشريعة”

The Arabic report deleted ‘Salafists’

The radical Islamist group Ansar al-Sharia   حركة “أنصار الشريعة” السلفية

word choice issue: the Arabic chose ‘movement’ instead of ‘punctuation the Arabic enhanced the importance of the Islamists by the choice of ‘movement’ above ‘group.’

دعت حركة “أنصار الشريعة” السلفية

The Arabic report added an information about the action of the Islamists:

The Salafist Islamist movement called for…            The addition of the information gave the Islamist discourse a louder voice in the report.

Word choice translation strategy:

BBC 2T: The Egyptian president has ruled out negotiating…

BBC 2AT: رفض الرئيس المصري محمد مرسي التفاوض مع خاطفي

Direct quotation:

In a statement, Mohammed Morsi said there was “no room for dialogue with the criminals”.

وقال الرئيس المصري في بيان إنه “لا مجال لحوار مع مجرمين”

He was speaking after a video emerged…      جاء ذلك بعد أن بث أحد المواقع الالكترونية

Indirect speech reporting:

The president wrote on his Twitter feed that “all options are on the table” to free the hostages and that the government in Cairo would “not succumb to blackmail”.

وكتب الرئيس مرسي مداخلة في حسابه على تويتر قال فيها “إن كل الخيارات مطروحة” لتحرير الرهائن، وإن الحكومة المصرية “لن تخضع للإبتزاز.”

 All these components show the ideological and political standpoint of the news punctuation News translation strategies and practices explored in the data prove, therefore, that they have their effect on the presentation of the Islamist discourse in the analyzed news reports.

BBC T4

Sunni militant group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi said it carried out the deadliest attack

BBC T4 A:

أعلنت جماعة “عسكر جنجوي” السنية المسلحة مسؤوليتها عنه

Deletion

The strategy down toned the effect of the attack by deleting the adjective: deadliest

BBC T5:

Nigeria Islamists Ansaru claim Bauchi Setraco seizures

Nigerian militant group Ansaru says it kidnapped seven

BBC T5 A:

جماعة “أنصار المسلمين” تتبنى اختطاف سبعة أجانب

أعلنت جماعة اسلامية متشددة مسؤوليتها عن عملية اختطاف سبعة

Both reports used the verb ‘claim’ in the headline

In the leading paragraph the English report stated the name of the group and used the verb, ‘said’ however, the Arabic followed the same strategy the English used in the headline but in the leading paragraph, it didn’t put the name of the group and used the description ‘radical Islamist group’ and instead of the verb ‘said’ it used the verb ‘declared’

The Arabic report used a harder tone by referring to the group as: radical

BBC 6T:

French family kidnapped in Cameroon ‘shown in video’

BBC 6TA:

جماعة بوكو حرام تعرض فيديو لعائلة فرنسية مختطفة في الكاميرون

The English report used, ‘passive form’ while the Arabic used ‘active voice’. By using an active voice, the Arabic report gave the Islamist discourse presence.

BBC 7T:

“What has reached you on Tuesday is just the first drop of rain, and a first phase, for by God’s will, after this we will have our revenge,” the statement added.

BBC 7TA:

“ما رأيتموه الثلاثاء هو قطرة الغيث الأولى ومرحلة أولى، بإذن الله، وبعدها سنكون قد نجحنا في انتقامنا”

Direct Quotation strategy is used in both reports.

Neutral effect.

3.2 The translation strategies and the comparative examples and back translation of Al-Arabiya

Al-Arabiya AT1:

فيما أعلنت جماعة عسكر جنقوي المتطرفة مسؤوليتها عن الهجوم الذي خلف أكبر عدد من الضحايا

Al-Arabiya ET1:

Banned sectarian group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi claimed responsibility

Both reports used the verb ‘claimed’ in direct speech formulation.

Issue of labelling:

The English report: banned sectarian group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi

The Arabic report:

Al-Arabiya AT2:

جماعة عسكر جنقوي المتطرفة

Al-Arabiya ET2:

radical Lashkar-e-Jhangvi group

The English report labelling has a stronger effect by using ‘banned’ and ‘sectarian’ compared with the Arabic report which only used ‘radical’

Al-Arabiya AT3:

وقال مرسي أدعو جميع المواطنين إلى التمسك بالمبادئ النبيلة للثورة المصرية في التعبير عن الرأي بحرية وسلمية ونبذ العنف قولاً وفعلاً.

Al-Arabiya ET3:

Mursi urged Egyptians to mark the revolution’s anniversary in a “peaceful and civilized way,”

The English report used the same Arabic strategy; however, it marked some words with quotation marks

The marking in English empowered the Islamist discourse in the report

Al-Arabiya AT4:

الخاطفون هددوا بتصفية الرهائن في حال رفض الإفراج عن جهاديين معتقلين

Al-Arabiya ET4:

French family abducted in Cameroon appears in online video

Different headline

The English headline has dimmed the Islamist discourse threat.

Al-Arabiya AT5:

وقال أحد المسلحين باللغة العربية مخاطبا الرئيس النيجيري غودلاك جوناثان إن أردت أن نترك هؤلاء الفرنسيين اترك نساءنا اللاتي حبستهن كلهن بسرعة; نحذر رئيس الكاميرون (بول بيا) اتركوا إخواننا المحبوسين في سجونكم بسرعة، وإلا سترون ما يحل بكم.

Al-Arabiya ET5:

In the video, one of the hostages read a statement from a piece of paper, saying:  Nigeria’s Boko Haram militants who were demanding the release of Islamist militants jailed in Nigeria and Cameroon took them.

“They want the liberation of their brothers in Cameroon and their women imprisoned in Nigeria” the hostage said.

The indirect quotations were changed into direct ones.

The change of the strategy added an effect to the Islamist discourse in the English report.

Al-Arabiya AT6:

أعلن رجل يدعى “القيرواني” قدم نفسه على أنه متحدث باسم تنظيم القاعدة في بلاد المغرب الإسلامي

Al-Arabiya ET6:

An al-Qaeda commander reportedly called ANI, which has close links to Islamist militants, saying Verdon was killed “in response to the French military intervention in the north of Mali,” ANI reported.

Addition

The addition of the direct quotation has empowered the Islamist discourse in the report

Al-Arabiya AT7:

أعلن رجل يدعى “القيرواني” قدم نفسه على أنه متحدث باسم تنظيم القاعدة في بلاد المغرب الإسلامي

Al-Arabiya ET7:

An al-Qaeda commander reportedly called ANI, which has close links to Islamist militants, saying Verdon was killed “in response to the French military intervention in the north of Mali,” ANI reported.

Addition

The addition of the direct quotation has empowered the Islamist discourse in the report

Al-Arabiya AT8:

زعيم “الجهادية” في تونس يُعلن اقتراب المعركة مع النهضة

Al-Arabiya ET8:

Jihadist leader threatens war…

Literal Translation

No effect.

Al-Arabiya AT9:

“أولئك الطواغيت المتسربلين بسربال الإسلام والإسلام منهم براء.. اعلموا أنكم اليوم صرتم ترتكبون من الحماقات ما ينذر بأنكم تستعجلون المعركة.. وإني أقول لكم إنكم والله لا تحاربون شبابا وإنما تحاربون دينا منصورا بنصر الله ولا يمكن لأيّة قوة في الأرض مهما بلغت أن تلحق به الهزيمة”

Al-Arabiya ET9:

“To the tyrants who think they are Islamists… know that the stupid things you are doing are dragging you to war,”

Direct quotation, however, it is much shortened.

The strategy gave the Islamist discourse presence though a shy one compared with the Arabic.

Al-Arabiya AT10:

وأضاف “أذكركم أن شبابنا الذين أظهروا من البطولات في الذود عن الإسلام في أفغان والشيشان والبوسنة والعراق والصومال والشام لن يتوانى أبداً في التضحية من أجل دينه في أرض القيروان ووالله إن تلك البلاد ليست بأعز على شبابنا من بلادنا فانظروا إلى عواقب الأمور وإياكم من التمادي في حماقاتكم”.

Al-Arabiya ET10:

“I remind you simply that our youth sacrificed themselves for the defense of Islam in Afghanistan, in Chechnya, in Bosnia, in Iraq, in Somalia and in Syria, and they won’t hesitate to sacrifice themselves for their religion in Kairouan,”

Direct quotation

The Islamist discourse is much dimmed by the deletions of the direct quotations. The quotations are holding most of the Islamist hallmarks and expressing its ideological concepts, therefore, the deletion is clearly effective.

Al-Arabiya AT11:

تنظيم أنصار الشريعة  التيار السلفي الجهادي

Al-Arabiya ET11:

Tunisia’s hardline Salafist group Ansar al-Sharia

Labelling issue

The English has added the word ‘hardline’ which added an effect to the label of the group.

Al-Arabiya AT12:

يكبرون ويرددون “يسقط حكم الطاغوت”

Al-Arabiya ET12:

Islamists who chanted: “The rule of the tyrant should fall.”

Direct quotation

Although the English report adapted the same strategy, however, it deleted the indirect report before it:

They were chanting Allah Akbar and “…”

The deletion has an effect because chanting (Allah Akbar) is a hallmark in the Islamist discourse.

Al-Arabiya AT13:

من القاهرة.. علماء المسلمين يدعون إلى الجهاد في سوريا

Al-Arabiya ET13:

Egypt’s Brotherhood declares support for Jihad in Syria

The English report used the strategy of specification when it named specifically the Muslim brotherhood party.

The specification strategy has focussed the attention on the Brother Hood party and it also escalated the tempo of the headline by choosing the verb ‘declared’ while the Arabic report used ‘called’

Al-Arabiya AT14:

وبدأ بالدعاء: “أسأل الله أن يعز الإسلام وأن يجعل يوم الثلاثين من يونيو عزاً للإسلام والمسلمين وكسراً لشوكة الكافرين والمنافقين”

Al-Arabiya ET14:

 “I pray to God that the intuitions of these unbelievers and hypocrites will be reversed,”

Abbreviation strategy and different choice of word.

Both strategies influenced the presentation of the Islamist discourse. The used strategies had eliminated hallmark features of the Islamist discourse.

4.1 Differences in this respect in their English and Arabic versions of the news report for both media institutions (BBC &Al Arabiya)

Analyzing the differences in English and Arabic versions of news reports by BBC and Al Arabiya reveals nuanced approaches in language use, narrative framing, and detail presentation. These differences, while subtle, can significantly impact the reader’s understanding and perception of the news.

1. Leading Paragraph Strategy:

• In the English version, the report begins by stating the name of the group and using the verb “said” to introduce the statement or action attributed to the group. This direct approach establishes clarity from the onset.
• The Arabic version, however, opts for a slight deviation in its leading paragraph. It does not mention the group’s name directly but uses a descriptive label “radical Islamist group” and replaces “said” with “declared.” This choice of words may convey a stronger, more formal proclamation, and the omission of the group’s name could be a deliberate editorial decision aimed at focusing on the nature of the group rather than its identity.

2. Use of Quotations:

• The English report includes direct quotations, providing readers with unfiltered access to the statements made by the subjects of the report. This can enhance transparency and allow readers to interpret the information in their context.
• Conversely, the Arabic report eliminates these direct quotations. This deletion strategy can streamline the narrative but may also result in a loss of nuance or the subject’s original tone and intent.

3. Contextualization and Voice:

• Both reports offer different contextual inputs and choose different quotations for emphasis. The English version utilizes the passive voice, potentially to focus on the action’s impact rather than the actor.
• The Arabic report, on the other hand, adopts an active voice, which can make the narrative more direct and engaging but may also shift the focus onto the subjects performing the actions.

4. Indirect Quotation and Deletion Strategy:

• In transforming direct quotations into indirect ones, the Arabic report employs a deletion strategy. This editing choice could be intend to condense the information or align it with a specific narrative style or editorial guideline.

5. Labeling of the Islamist Group:

• The Arabic report specifies the group’s label as AQIM, providing a precise identification. This accuracy can help informed readers better understand the specific actors involved.
• The English text refers to the group under the broader umbrella of “al-Qaeda,” which might cater to a wider audience’s understanding but sacrifices specificity.

6. Deletion of Labeling, Description, and Indirect Speech:

• Ambiguities arise from the Arabic report’s decision to delete certain labels, descriptions, and instances of indirect speech. Such omissions can lead to a more streamlined report but might also obscure important details or the full scope of the narrative.

Overall, these linguistic and editorial choices made in the English and Arabic versions of news reports by BBC and Al Arabiya highlight the complexity of news translation and adaptation across languages and cultures. Each version tailors its content to suit its audience’s preferences, cultural sensitivities, and language norms, resulting in reports that, while covering the same event, offer different perspectives and emphases.

4.2 Differences in their English and Arabic versions of the Translation Strategies Used for both media institutions (BBC &Al Arabiya)

When analyzing the differences in translation strategies between the English and Arabic versions of reports by media institutions like the BBC and Al Arabiya, it’s essential to understand how these strategies impact the conveyed message. The choice of translation strategy can significantly affect how information is presented and understood by different audiences. Here is a detailed look at some of the key differences and their implications:

1. Selection vs. Specification Strategy:

The use of the selection strategy in the English report and the specification strategy in the Arabic report highlights a fundamental difference in approach. The English report might opt for more general terms or broader descriptions, aiming to engage a wider audience without assuming extensive background knowledge. On the other hand, the Arabic report’s specification strategy, by choosing to “name” specific entities or details, suggests a preference for providing the audience with precise and contextual information. This could reflect an assumption that the target audience has a prior understanding of the context, making more details that are specific both relevant and necessary.

2. Foreignizing vs. Domesticating Strategies in Ideological Contexts:

The main strategies for rendering Islamist-related texts—foreignizing and domesticating—reveal how translators navigate the ideological landscapes embedded in their source texts (ST) and target texts (TT). Foreignizing strategies, which include techniques like paraphrasing and labeling, aim to retain the original’s cultural and ideological nuances. This approach often leaves certain terms untranslated (or uses transliteration) to maintain the source text’s authenticity and complexity. In contrast, domesticating strategies involve adaptation techniques such as equivalence, omission, addition, glossing, magnifying, moderating, and labeling. These are employed to make the text more accessible or acceptable to the target audience by aligning it with the target culture’s norms and values. This often involves simplifying, altering, or omitting certain aspects to ensure the message fits the ideological and cultural expectations of the target audience.

3. Translation Strategies for Islamist Discourse:

In dealing with Islamist discourse, translators face the challenge of conveying not just the literal meaning but also the ideological undertones of the original text. Strategies like paraphrasing allow for the retention of ideological stances by reformulating statements in a way that is understandable yet faithful to the original ideology. Labeling, as part of a foreignizing strategy, involves identifying and categorizing entities in a way that reflects the source text’s ideological positions. Conversely, domesticating strategies such as equivalence, omission, addition, glossing, magnifying, and moderating aim to adapt the text in ways that resonate with the target audience’s ideological predispositions. These strategies can significantly alter the text’s impact, potentially downplaying or emphasizing certain aspects to align with the target culture’s perspectives and biases.

The translation strategies employed in translating news reports from English to Arabic (and vice versa) by media institutions like the BBC and Al Arabiya are not merely linguistic choices but are deeply intertwined with cultural and ideological considerations. These strategies reflect an ongoing negotiation between staying true to the source text and making the translated text accessible and acceptable to the target audience. Understanding these differences is key to comprehending the nuances of translated media content and its potential influence on cross-cultural communication.

5. Conclusion

The news translation plays a crucial role in shaping how the Islamist discourse is portrayed in news reports. Translators have a responsibility to provide accurate and nuanced translations that reflect the complexities of the issues at hand. By doing so, they can help foster a more informed and nuanced public discourse on Islamist groups and their ideologies.

By providing accurate and nuanced translations of news reports on the Islamist discourse, translators can help bridge cultural divides and promote a more informed and nuanced understanding of complex issues. In a world where misinformation and propaganda abound, the role of news translation in promoting accurate and balanced reporting is more important than ever.

The study analysis the textual data collected. This study endeavors to answer the main research question in this study:  What is the role of news translation in portraying the Islamist discourse in news reports. It attempts to answer sub-questions related to the role of translation in the textual production of the news reports dealing with the Islamist discourse in news media institutions, represented in this research by the BBC and Al Arabiya. The findings show:

–  The translation strategies and practices of News Institutions in dealing with the texts related to Islamist discourse: delete, Direct quotation, Indirect speech reporting.

The actual practices used in news translation Professional translation concerning text selection, news input and the agents involved

– The translation beliefs in news institutions influence the translation practices and translation strategies used in news.

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