Prepared by the researche : ADEL ISSA ELSOSAN1 Atiek Suprapti2 Agung Budi Sardjono3
- 1Diponegoro University (Undip) (PhD student
- 2Diponegoro University (Undip) (Lecturer)
- 3Diponegoro University (Undip) (Lecturer)
Democratic Arabic Center
Journal of Urban and Territorial Planning : Twenty-First Issue – September 2024
A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin
:To download the pdf version of the research papers, please visit the following link
Abstract
Management of cultural heritage sites comprises a variety of planning, design, and management procedures that necessitate collaboration between stakeholders, the government, the commercial sector, and the community. In the search results, articles in publications were found. The evaluation of maps showing the expansion of international publications on Indonesian agriculture was done using the VOSViewer program. In conclusion, Jepara is a city with a thriving traditional woodcarving industry and a rich cultural legacy. It is the location of several historical sites, temples, and urban districts that highlight the distinctive architecture and culture of the area. The item distribution map shows the nodes, landmarks, edges, pathways, and districts that make up the physical representation of the city center of Jepara. The local administration has to impose stronger restrictions for the preservation and repair of historical structures in order to protect the cultural heritage buildings in the city of Jepara. In general, Jepara’s cultural historical buildings must be preserved if the city is to keep its distinctive identity and share its past with the world.
- Introduction
In 1950, UNESCO established the World Heritage program, which aims to recognize and preserve a variety of cultural heritage manifestations, locations, and traditions. A good city is one that can set aside room for its past. In order for future generations to comprehend and value their cultural legacy, development sustainability must be ensured. Good management is necessary for managing cultural heritage. The tourist industry will also profit from good heritage site management (De Bernardi et al., 2019). Cultural heritage site management involves a number of strategies, planning, design, and management processes that call for cooperation between stakeholders, the government, community involvement, and the business sector. Yet, cultural policy and planning academics have made arguments in favor of a culture’s vision as a crucial aspect of life quality. When residents are aware of the cultural resources available to them, integrated planning to preserve and enhance the standard of living in the community is made feasible, it reflects a comprehensive stance toward cultural assets. This refers to both real and intangible cultural resources as well as everything that enhances a certain location or group of people’s culture (Duxbury and Redaelli., 2020).
Participation, celebration, identification, belonging to a community, and having a feeling of place are all important aspects of a community’s cultural life. There has been a growing understanding in cultural development that cultural planning should be based on a comprehensive definition of culture that encompasses both the material and intangible components. This knowledge has also motivated cultural planners to make concerted efforts to embrace an integrated and strategic perspective of cultural assets. Cultural mapping is a methodical process for locating a community’s cultural resources and then describing and visualizing them (Portalés et al., 2022).
Jepara is a popular tourist location in Indonesia and is known for upholding its cultural traditions. It has a rich history and is known as the “city of carving” for these reasons. From the reign of Queen Kalimanyat, carving has been passed down from generation to generation. The sculpture made by the inhabitants of Jepara combines Chinese Patih Badarduwung carving with Majapahit carving. Carving is now one of the industrial sector’s cornerstones of the Jepara economy, along with furniture, Troso Ikat, electricity, cigarettes, roof tiles, and bricks. Jepara has been creating tangible products in the downtown area since 2007, and has continued to do so up to the present days, thanks to the development of the above-mentioned furniture carving. The government anticipates that the development of physical items will increase physical character in developing the city of Jepara’s reputation. Study on the effects of physical development in the city core of Jepara has never known the outcomes of whether it enhances the already-existing image or adds a new image of the city. It is important to do a city image search incorporating items in the Jepara downtown area in addition to the current phenomenon (Li et al., 2021).
The term “cultural heritage” now refers to both tangible and intangible assets, goes beyond architectural items to landscapes, and involves more stakeholders in defining these values (Havinga et al., 2019). A city image as a two-way interaction between the observer and the item under observation. This interaction may also be described as an impression or view of the environment shared by observers (urban area). The pleasant physical look of the city and the significance of the city to its residents are prioritized in the city’s image. An observer’s mental impression of a city can be strongly influenced by its outward look. A good physical look will influence imageability, which in turn will influence legibility. The capacity to leave an impression is known as imageability (on a place). Whereas readability is how easily information can be identified and arranged (Paukaeva et al., 2021).
The objective of this research is to examine the City of Jepara’s cultural legacy based on the physical components that make up the city. The Jepara administration decided to construct things in the city center of Jepara based on the phenomena of the growth of carving together with other sectors (Amri et al., 2022). Study on the effects of physical development in the city core of Jepara has never known the outcomes of whether it enhances the already-existing image or adds a new image of the city. Looking for photos from diverse social perspectives is seen to be vital since cities will constantly grow and necessitate an evaluation of the populace of the city. This study takes the stance that the best way to understand a city is through its outward manifestation. The pleasant physical look of the city and the significance of the city to its inhabitants are prioritized in the city’s own perception. A mental map that is able to capture the perceptions, experiences, imaginations, and sentiments of the residents of the city of Jepara is used to determine the level of attractiveness of the physical look of the city from the physical elements that make up the city. Using Vosviewer, this study was done to determine how prevalent heritage is in the city of Jepara.
- Literature Review
2.1. Definition of Cultural Heritage Buildings
A cultural preservation is a region where rules are in place to safeguard the community’s survival and its lifespan from the threat of extinction (Muhammad, 2020). The preservation, protection, and use of cultural heritage assets serve to enhance Indonesia’s national culture. Environmental sites also serve this goal (RI Law No.5 of 1992). Those items that are considered to be of significant value for history, science, and culture are those that are man-made, mobile or non-physical objects in the form of units or groups, or parts or remnants, that are at least 50 years old or represent a period of distinctive style and represent a style period of at least 50 years (RI Law No.5, 1992). Cultural preservation is inherited in the form of Cultural Heritage Property, Cultural Heritage Building, Cultural Heritage Structure, Cultural Heritage Site, and Cultural Heritage Area. Cultural Heritage Buildings are constructed to suit the requirements of walled and/or non-walled spaces, and roofed areas (RI Law No.11, 2010). Conclusion: Cultural preservation structures are products of human creativity and invention, serving as a framework for the actions of their users who have social, artistic, economic, historical, and architectural values.
2.2. Criteria for Building Cultural Heritage
If an item satisfies the following requirements, it may be recommended as a cultural heritage object, a cultural heritage building, or a cultural heritage structure (RI Law No.11, 2010: 5).
– Must be 50 (fifty) years or older.
– Exemplifies the shortest 50 (fifty) years’ worth of fashion.
– Has a particular significance in terms of history, science, education, religion, and/or culture.
– Upholds cultural values that enhance the character of the country.
2.3. Basic Cultural Heritage Building Law
– The following are some criteria that may be used to develop cultural heritage:
Historic Importance: Anything that has to do with historical occurrences, cultural history, politics, science, regional history, architectural history, or people who have made significant contributions at the local, national, or worldwide levels.
– Decorative Values: Issues pertaining to the outside, the type of architecture, and the engineering discipline. The architectural value of a building includes its layout, facade, shape, color, and adornment. Furthermore, connected to the advancement of information regarding cutting-edge technology, unique methodologies, and other topics of architecture.
– Structures that are important to the advancement of science in Indonesia.
– Values of Socio-Culture pertaining to the partnership between the neighborhood and the tructures.
– Age: If the structure is more than 50 years old.
2.4. Principles of Architectural Design
To become a sign of a civilized identity, a nation’s accomplishment of cultural growth cannot be isolated from its cultural legacy and history. Buildings in the region, such as those along Jalan Braga in Bandung, have traits that reveal the area’s identity. It is one of the six cultural heritage sites in Bandung that still has a significant number of old structures. There are still numerous historically significant structures with colonial traits, some of which may be observed in the hallway of this historical building. In order to maintain the area’s harmony and unity of buildings, particular consideration must be given to the appearance of structures with new roles (Nejati et al., 2022).
2.5. Harmony
The interaction of a building’s components can create harmony or contrast in the structure. These components include building embellishments, windows, and doors that are part of the facade (Prieto and Oldenhave, 2021).
2.6. Unity
The principle of unity is a visual technique that unifies the perception of a building’s numerous types, shapes, and areas into a single, coherent whole. Cohesiveness, or unity, is the organization of different components into a single, harmonious whole. In this instance, all components work in unison to support one another and create a whole, neither too much nor too little. Using a design theme is how you create unity. The design will be strong because of the prevailing notion. The theme is organized with or supported by the specified visual components (Bell, 2019).
2.7. General Data of Jepara City
Jepara Regency is located at East Longitude 1130 23 ‘ 20 ” – 1140 9 ‘ 35 ” – South Latitude 50 43′ 30 ” – 60 47’ 44 “. Judging from its location, Jepara district is a busy traffic flow crossing area or often called the North Coast route (Pantura).
Figure 1. Map of Jepara Regency from Central Java.
(Source: BAPPEDA Jepara, 2018)
The administrative boundaries of Jepara Regency are:
North : Java Sea
South : Demak Regency
West : Java Sea
East : Kudus Regency and Pati Regency.
The area of Jepara Regency also covers an ocean area of 1,845.6 km2. There are 29 islands with 5 inhabited islands and 24 uninhabited ones. This area is a Karimunjawa sub-district which is in the Karimunjawa Islands cluster. Most of these waters are protected within the Karimunjawa Marine National Park. Topographically, Jepara is divided into four coastal areas on the western and northern coasts, lowland areas in the central and southern parts, mountainous areas in the east which are the western slopes of Mount Muria and water areas or islands in the northern part which are a series of Karimunjawa islands (Subekti et al., 2022).
- Methods
Data from foreign studies on Indonesian agriculture that were found on the Scopus website were utilized in this study. The search results obtained publications in the form of articles. Microsoft Excel 2010 was used to evaluate data in the form of publications per year, journals with articles on Indonesian agriculture, authors, places from where the writers are originally from, and topics. VOSViewer software was used to evaluate maps of the growth of worldwide publications on Indonesian agriculture.
- Methodology
A quantitative approach for examining bibliographic information in articles and journals is bibliometric analysis. This technique is often used to map the scientific fields of a journal, analyze references to scientific papers mentioned in that magazine, and categorize scientific articles according to a research area. This approach is applicable to the study of social groupings as well as the humanities, communications, and marketing. A citation analysis technique and a co-citation analysis approach are used in bibliometric analysis to determine how many times a given piece is cited by other works. The terms (co-words) used in a paper might reveal the scientific notion that is present. Co-word analysis, which is used to index texts, is based on the examination of the co-occurrence of words or keywords from two or more documents (Lin et al., 2022).
The usage of non-standard keywords might produce non-standard terms, thus it’s important to standardize by using a thesaurus. A thesaurus is a compilation of terminology that pertain to a certain area, making the phrases used more precise. A topic heading list, which is often all-inclusive and generic in character, is not the same as a thesaurus. Every endeavor is made to express a single notion when indexing utilizing descriptors. Using a thesaurus to standardize keywords seeks to make the words used consistent, so that concepts that are expressed in several publications and have the same meaning may all be described by a single phrase (Lin et al., 2022).
- Data Analysis
A computer software for creating and visualizing bibliometric maps is called VOSViewer. provides a text-mining feature that may be used to create and display networks and relationships (also known as “cor-relationships”) in a citation of a piece of writing or publication. Publishing maps could be seen in a variety of ways and with different features, like zooming, scrolling, and searching system mapping, to map out articles and publications in greater depth. Specific data concerning bibliometric graphical maps may be presented and represented using VOSViewer. The VOSViewer allows us to easily evaluate a relationship by displaying a sizable bibliometric map (Kirby, 2023).
Software called VOSviewer is used to create and display bibliometric networks. These networks can be created using citations, bibliographical fusions, co-citations, or co-authorship relationships, and they can contain particular journals, researchers, or publications as examples. In addition, VOSviewer has text mining capabilities that may be used to create and display co-occurrence networks of important phrases obtained from academic literature. A free computer tool called VosViewer is used to explore and visualize bibliometric knowledge maps (Shah et al., 2019). VosViewer stands for Visualization of Similarities. This program’s algorithm is quite similar to Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS). Web of Science, Scopus, Dimensions, and PubMed files are the four types of bibliographic database files that are supported by VOSviewer Database Files. VosViewer has an advantage over other analysis programs in that it employs a text mining function to find groups of noun phrases related to mapping as well as an integrated clustering strategy to look at network co-citation data and co-occurrence. VosViewer’s strength is in its display, despite the fact that there are other tools for evaluating text units and matrix similarity (VOSviewer, 2020). It is simple to access and examine the program’s bibliometric data networks, such as the number of citations or the correlation between important phrases and concepts, thanks to its interactive features and alternatives.
- Results
Research analysis was carried out using the Vos Viewer software. The Vos Viewer analysis is carried out twice, namely analyzing the research that has been done and also analyzing the city of Jepara.
Figure 2. Results of Previous Research Analysis Using Vos Viewer
Based on the results displayed in Figure 2 from analysis using the Vos Viewer, it is known that previous research has conducted research on the City of Jepara and used several keywords, namely creative city, district, ecotourism, overview, concept, city, and Indonesia. Creative city refers to a city that emphasizes creativity, innovation, and cultural diversity as key drivers of economic growth and development. The creative city concept has been applied to Jepara as a means of promoting its traditional woodcarving industry and cultural heritage as a source of economic opportunity and tourism. Another topic is ecotourism, which involves promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly tourism in Jepara. This may include activities such as nature walks, bird watching, and visits to local farms and eco-friendly businesses. Furthermore, the combination of eco-friendly and cultural tourism can strengthen Jepara’s position as a top travel destination. Experiences that blend sustainability and cultural immersion are becoming more and more in demand among travelers, and Jepara’s distinctive offers meet this need. Jepara can also establish itself as a role model city in Indonesia and beyond by focusing on sustainable practices, demonstrating how innovation and preservation can work together to promote environmental care and economic development.
Additionally, the analysis suggests that previous research has also explored the overview of Jepara, the district in which it is located, and its position within Indonesia as a whole. This may involve studying the city’s history, geography, demographics, and economic development. Overall, it appears that previous research on Jepara has been diverse and multidisciplinary, covering topics ranging from cultural heritage to economic development to environmental sustainability.
Figure 3. Results of Analysis of Historical Buildings in Jepara Using Vos Viewer
Based on the data analysis conducted using the Vos Viewer in the Figure 3 above, it can be seen that the most frequently mentioned are monuments, perceptions, views, reasons, roads, temples, city areas in the cultural heritage of the city of Jepara. This shows that the city of Jepara has many historical monuments in the city of Jepara whose construction can improve the view of the city of Jepara.
- Discussions
Jepara is known for its rich cultural heritage and traditional woodcarving industry. The city has a long history and is home to many historical monuments, temples, and city areas that showcase the unique architecture and culture of the region.
7.1. Elements Stand Out Visually in Jepara
Some examples of prominent objects in Jepara are as follows:
Table 1. Objects in Jepara
Source: Taken by researcher (January, 2024)
Based on the Table 1 above, the examples of prominent objects in Jepara showed that objects get expressive responses from intelligence, imagination and conceptions of informants which are useful for searching for physical elements of the image of the city of Jepara and the image of the city of Jepara.
7.2. Physical Elements of the Jepara City Center Image
The following is an analysis in exploring the physical elements forming the image of the center of Jepara city with the help of Lynch’s theory:
7.3. Nodes
The object distribution map representing the node elements in the center of Jepara city can be seen. Based on Lynch’s theory, the image-forming elements have been grouped based on the character of the object. The characters of Alun – Alun and Taman Kota are more towards Node. Supported by the City Square and Park is a ” square “, Lynch has revealed the Node with this physical example, the City Square and Park have the basis to be able to represent what Lynch said. To corroborate what Lynch said, it is necessary to analyze City Square and Park with the perceptions of the people of Jepara. As a node, the square has a size that is quite wide (± 1 ha), and could be used by the community to carry out various activities including the Alun -alun as a communal space, not only used as a place for activities, but also used as a place for interaction.
7.4. Landmarks
Based on Lynch’s theory, the image-forming elements have been grouped based on the character of the object. The characters of Pendopo, Kartini Museum, Pancasila Monument, Baitul Makmur Grand Mosque, SCJ, Khodim Jepara Hok Teng Tong Temple and Kaliwiso Bridge are more towards Landmarks. The direction to become a landmark is based on the Pendopo, Kartini Museum, Baitul Makmur Great Mosque, SCJ and Hok Tengtong Temple which are “Buildings”. The directive from Lynch also states that the Pancasila Monument is a “Tugu” and the Kaliwiso Bridge is a “Bridge” which are included in the landmark grouping. Lynch has revealed Landmarks with physical examples, so the Pendopo, Kartini Museum, Pancasila Monument, Baitul Makmur Grand Mosque, SCJ, Khodim Jepara, Hok Teng Tong Temple and Kaliwiso Bridge have the basis to be able to represent what Lynch said.
7.5. Edge
A map of the distribution of objects representing Edge elements in downtown Jepara can be seen. Based on Lynch’s theory, the image-forming elements have been grouped based on the character of the object. Sungai Kaliwiso’s character is more towards Edge. The code to become an Edge is based on the Kaliwiso River which is “The River”. Lynch has shown Edge with the physical example, so the Kaliwiso River has a basis to be able to represent what Lynch said. The Kaliwiso River can be said as one of the elements forming the image of the city of Jepara, its function is as a natural separator between the city center and the areas outside the city center.
7.6 Path
A map of the distribution of objects representing Path elements in downtown Jepara can be seen. Based on Lynch’s theory, the image-forming elements have been grouped based on the character of the object. The characters of Jalan Ra Kartini, Jalan Patimura, Jalan Brigjen Katamso, Jalan Yos Sudarso and Jalan Wolter Monginsidi are more towards Path. The directions for becoming a Path are based on Jalan Ra Kartini, Jalan Patimura, Jalan Brigjen Katamso, Jalan Yos Sudarso and Jalan Wolter Monginsidi which are “Roads”.
Jalan Diponegoro can be said to be one of the elements forming the image of the city of Jepara because it could provide an emotional atmosphere for informants. The emotional atmosphere is composed through the completeness of the Diponegoro road in the form of lighting, vegetation, cleanliness and noise levels. Emotional feelings themselves can be grouped dimension of meaning because the informant’s expression is a form of emotional stimulation from a successful object. It is from this dimension of emotional meaning that they put it into their minds as something that can give a strong impression as one of the building blocks of the city’s image (Jiménez-Herrera et al., 2020).
7.7. District
A map of the distribution of objects representing the district elements in downtown Jepara can be seen. Based on Lynch’s theory, the image-forming elements have been grouped based on the character of the object. The character of Chinatown is more towards the district. The directive to become a District is based on Chinatown being a “trade area as well as a residential area”. Lynch has already revealed that the district with these characters means that Chinatown has a basis for being able to represent what Lynch said. To corroborate what Lynch said, it is necessary to analyze Chinatown.
Chinatown can be said to be one of the elements forming the image of the city of Jepara because it is an area occupied by one ethnic group as a settlement and trading area. According to Xie & Achmadi, (2024) the form of the response from the informant to the Chinatown object can be included in its dimension of meaning, namely the response one obtained from the informant who revealed that Chinatown has an area occupied by one ethnicity and of course reflects the culture of Chinatown in many cities spread across Indonesia because Chinatown culture is generally home – shop houses inhabited by ethnic Chinese and of course included in the dimension of cultural group meaning (Putra et al., 2022).
Perceived as ethnic enclaves within foreign cities, Chinatowns were often analyzed as culturally isolated areas. Preservation of cultural heritage buildings is a critical issue in the city of Jepara, which has a rich cultural heritage and traditional architecture. The city is renowned for its traditional woodcarving industry, and many of its buildings and structures are adorned with intricate carvings and other decorative features. One of the most famous historical monuments in Jepara is the Great Mosque of Jepara, which dates back to the 16th century and is considered one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia. The city also has many temples, such as the Gedong Songo Temple and the Pari Temple, which are important religious sites for the local community. In addition to its historical monuments, Jepara is also known for its beautiful views and natural scenery, including its coastline and nearby islands. The city has many roads and paths that offer stunning views of the surrounding landscape and provide opportunities for hiking and outdoor activities. Overall, the cultural heritage of Jepara is a source of pride for its residents and attracts many visitors each year who come to experience the rich history and unique culture of the region. Preserving these cultural heritage buildings is essential for maintaining the city’s unique character and identity, as well as for promoting tourism and economic development. However, this task is not without its challenges, as many of these buildings are old and in need of repair or restoration (Abouebeid, 2019).
One of the key challenges in preserving cultural heritage buildings in Jepara is the use of traditional building materials and techniques. Many of these materials and techniques are no longer commonly used, and there may be a shortage of skilled craftsmen who are familiar with them. Additionally, modern building materials and techniques may be more readily available and cost-effective, leading to pressure to use them instead. Another challenge is the impact of urbanization and modernization on traditional architecture in Jepara. As the city grows and develops, there is a risk that traditional buildings and structures may be demolished or replaced with modern buildings that do not reflect the city’s cultural heritage (Sarihan, 2021).
To address these challenges, it is essential to develop a comprehensive strategy for the preservation of cultural heritage buildings in Jepara. This strategy should involve collaboration between local communities, government agencies, and other stakeholders, and should prioritize the use of traditional building materials and techniques where possible. In addition, there may be a need for increased public education and awareness of the importance of preserving cultural heritage buildings in Jepara, as well as for the development of incentives and funding mechanisms to support preservation efforts. Overall, the preservation of cultural heritage buildings is a critical issue in the city of Jepara, and one that requires ongoing attention and effort to ensure that these unique and valuable structures are preserved for future generations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jepara is a city that is rich in cultural heritage and traditional woodcarving industry. It is home to many historical monuments, temples, and city areas that showcase the unique architecture and culture of the region. The physical elements that form the image of Jepara’s city center are the nodes, landmarks, edges, paths, and districts, which can be seen in the object distribution map. To preserve the cultural heritage buildings in the city of Jepara, the local government needs to enforce stricter regulations for the preservation and restoration of historical buildings. In addition, it is essential to raise awareness among the public and educate them about the importance of preserving cultural heritage buildings. Encouraging community involvement and participation in preserving cultural heritage buildings can also be an effective way to ensure their protection. Moreover, the local government can consider promoting Jepara’s cultural heritage as a tourism attraction. By promoting tourism, the city can generate revenue that can be used for the maintenance and preservation of cultural heritage buildings. However, the development of tourism should be done carefully to ensure that it does not negatively impact the preservation of cultural heritage buildings and the overall city’s character.
Limitations and Future Studies
While the analysis of Jepara’s physical elements based on Lynch’s theory provides valuable insights into the city’s image formation, there are some limitations to this study. Firstly, the study only focuses on the physical elements of the city, without considering other factors such as cultural and social elements that also contribute to the city’s image formation. Future studies could explore these other factors and their impact on the image of the city. Another limitation of this study is that it only captures the perceptions of a limited number of informants, which may not be representative of the broader population. Future studies could involve a larger and more diverse sample of informants to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the city’s image. Additionally, this study only analyzes the city center of Jepara, and the findings may not be applicable to other areas of the city. Future studies could examine other areas of Jepara and compare them to the city center to identify similarities and differences in their image formation.
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