The Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022 and their relationship to spreading the spirit of Arabism among Palestinian youth

Prepared by the researcher :  Dr. Roba A. M. Abu Kmeil – Ministry of Education, Gaza/Palestine

Democratic Arab Center

Journal of Afro-Asian Studies : Sixteenth Issue – February 2023

A Periodical International Journal published by the “Democratic Arab Center” Germany – Berlin.

https://democraticac.de/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Journal-of-Afro-Asian-Studies-Sixteenth-Issue-%E2%80%93-February-2023.pdf

Abstract

The aim of this study was to get to know the features of the Arab World Cup and how it relates to the spirit of Arabism in young people, The study followed the descriptive approach, The study followed the descriptive approach, and the researcher used a questionnaire to determine the level of spirit Arabism among Palestinian youth after the World Cup in Qatar in 2022.

The study was applied to 470 young people from the Palestinian society, and the results showed that the overall level of spirit Arabism among Palestinian youth after the World Cup in Qatar in 2022 had a relative weight (90.29%),The results showed that Paragraph (2), which stated that “the opening  of the World Cup with verses from the Holy Koran increased the adherence of the Islamic religion” gotthe first place with a relative weight of 95.66%,Paragraph (1), which stated that “I felt proud during the Palestinian flag raising in the Qatar World Cup matches,” ranked second with a relative weight of 95.49%.

Introduction:

      Football occupies a prominent place among various sports activities and everyone is keen to watch its matches because of the joy and excitement it adds; Due to its distinctive competition in which two teams exchange changing playing positions, whether defensive or offensive, and what requires the abilities and capabilities of the players to confront the events and changes of a game that has changing and rapid attitudes in order to achieve victory. Interest in football is not limited to one country or people without the other. All people have passion and interest in football.

The World Cup is one of the most watched sporting events in the world, and the World Cup has been held every four years since 1930, the last of which was in Qatar 2022, and the winning team has the World Cup, which was made by a French jeweler Apple Leffler in the form of the Greek goddess of victory, Nike, with a height of 30 centimeters, and a weight of 1800 grams, and the first World Cup was organized in Uruguay in 1930, Italy in 1943, Brazil in 1950, Switzerland in 1954, and Sweden 1958, Chile 1962, England 1966, Mexico 1970, West Germany 1974, Argentina 1978, Spain 1982, Mexico 1986, Italy 1990, USA 1994, France 1998, Japan and South Korea 2022, Germany 2006, South Africa 2020, Brazil 2014, and Russia 2018 (Kurdi, 2018:1).

The World Cup (World Cup) Qatar 2022 AD was characterized by turning from a global football event to a dialogue of civilizations and an opportunity to learn about the authentic Arab and Islamic traditions after the allegations dominated the thinking of the majority of peoples from Western countries that the Arabs, especially Muslims, are closed peoples governed by a puritanical faith, and the Arabs showed many features of their Arabism, as

it is the first time that the World Cup takes place in an Arab country, and it was noted that the interest of Arab fans in all its countries in the matches of the Qatar World Cup, and their unlimited encouragement of Arab teams, stressing A fateful Arab affiliation, transcending Qatari tendencies. Everyone cheered for Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Morocco.

Belonging to the Arab world is one of the most serious issues, as a good citizen is the main pillar of building the nation and opens the way to a living social experience, in which diversities continue and variables interact, and in Arab-Islamic history, national belonging is considered a circle of natural belonging and is one of the basic needs without which the soul is not upright, and security, love and appreciation emerge from it (Al-Abd Al-Qadir, 2018: 1575).
Arabism is nothing but the awareness of the Arab person of the unity of his human origin and his actions become a reflection of his Arabism, the Arab man is not determined only by being Arabic, but by his belonging to the nation of this language, and his belonging to the Arab nation in culture and thought, and Arabism is a distinctive civilizational addition created by Islam on the Arab character as a result of the link with the Arab cultural pot past, present and future.

The Arabs are trapped at home by a state of impediment to progress, science and renaissance, the manifestations of which are justice and freedoms, and they are trapped from the outside by conflicts, besieged by a third factor that will remain a sword hanging over them: the absence of broader projects that interact with the bottom of society and create a state of unitary regional interaction. It has been proven by application and experience that the Arab world is intertwined in everything in its evils and good, in its fall, rise and wars. Even the Arab Spring, which spread in the Arab Bekaa, and the counter-revolution against it, is a definite proof of the unity of the Arabs in the tide as well as in the islands (Ghabra, 2016: 1).

can be achieved without the other. Arabism, as it can be understood, is difficult to separate from Islam with its monotheistic power, but at the same time Islam in its flexible sense of history and civilization, but Islam is transcendent to sectarian conflict. Arabism is a language, a tongue, a history and societies that are organically linked to the inhabitants of the region, whether they are Arabs or speak Arabic, while belonging to other identities such as Amazigh, Kurdish and Assyrian. Arabism is also the Arabism of language, literature and knowledge, and the Arabism of different places that include defeats, victories, aspirations and frustrations, and it is the Arabism of non-Arab nationalities in the Arab world. The Arabism that underwent colonization from the ocean to the Gulf and fought long struggles for independence and created figures such as Nasser, Abdelkarim El Khattabi, Abdelkader El Jazairi, the Great Arab Revolution of 1916 and dozens of others, is the same that today faces its greatest historical challenge. (2:2016).

Elements of Arabism:

There are important elements related to the concepts of Arabism and the Arab dimension, which must be taken care of and taken care of to develop a sense of Arab identity, and Al-Awwad, 15: 2019) identified these elements as follows:

• Islamic religion.
• Arabic language.
• Arab values, customs and traditions.
• The Arab land, its countries and countries.
• Arab civilization and history.
• Flags of Arabs and Muslims and their scholars.
• Joint Arab cooperation.
• Contemporary Arab issues and problems.
• Arab organizations and institutions.
• The future of the Arab nation.
• The challenges of the Arab nation.
• Arabs and globalization.
• Arab unity.
• homeland

One of the previous studies conducted on Arabism was the Al-Khalis study (2021), which aimed to insight into the educational practices of kindergarten teachers to promote the Arabism of Jerusalem, and the study sample consisted of (61) kindergarten teachers and (7) kindergarten principals in Jerusalem Governorate in Palestine, and the study used

the descriptive approach and qualitative analysis of data, and employed in the study a number of tools, namely: Observation, electronic panel discussions, document analysis, and interview, and the results also showed interest in the issue of homeland and citizenship development among Palestinian children, whether in the written curriculum, which is the guide of the Palestinian kindergarten teacher, or the implemented curriculum, which includes activities, experiences, means, working papers and evaluation, but this interest is not enough to promote the Arabism of Jerusalem and raise its status.

   The study of Abdul Qadir (2018) aimed to reveal belonging to the homeland and its impact on protecting young people from delinquency, and this study is considered office, and the study showed a number of results, including that Islam called for belonging to the homeland and urged to characterize it, although not by explicit text, that the relationship between the homeland and the citizen is an innate relationship, each seeks the other, and works for him, and that the homeland is an honor for its owner, and belonging to it is a source of pride for him. The study of Abu Al-Maati and Ahmed (2018) aimed to identify the level of belonging to the homeland and life satisfaction among university students, and the differences in national belonging and life satisfaction, and the study was conducted on (666) male and female students at the undergraduate level in Iraq, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, who were applied to the scales of national belonging and life satisfaction, and the results showed that there were no gender differences in national belonging.

The study of Al-Bdeirat and Al-Batayneh (2016) is a desk study aimed at revealing the impact of the Arabic language in rooting the Arab and Islamic identity in light of the new modern changes (globalization), and the study found that any nation must have a set of bonds that bind its children and are not limited to one side without another, and the results showed that language is one of the most important elements of identity, and that the emaciation of the general culture of the current generation of Arab youth at the present time and their ignorance of their heritage Their history is due to the weakness of their language, and their loss of the good key to culture, knowledge and science, which is language.

 The study of Kayed (2011) aimed to identify the role of universities in facing the challenges of cultural globalization, and building an authentic and contemporary Arab identity, where the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach, and the sources and references of this study were identified and the researcher surveyed the views of thinkers and researchers who dealt with the concept of cultural globalization and its various challenges, and those views that dealt with the reality of Arab universities and their responsibilities and the roles that should be played, especially their responsibilities towards their communities, being community institutions established by society, The researcher concluded to identify the negatives of cultural globalization, and its negative effects on the Arab society in general, and on its national identity in particular, represented in threatening the cultural privacy of the Arab nation, and the researcher concluded a set of roles and responsibilities that universities should play to face these serious challenges of cultural globalization, and ways to benefit from its positives.

Al-Mesfer’s study (2008) aimed to examine the process of formation of neo-liberal groups as a new shift in the liberal phenomenon – and its role in the ongoing process of change and reform in the Arab region, and whether this role pushes in a direction that removes the contradiction between liberalism and Arabism or increases the association of liberal elites with Western thought. The study found that Arab liberals are evolving their political ideas and visions towards a deeper state of dependence at the intellectual level and at the level of connection to the Western strategic map.

 The study of Al-Arabi (1999) aimed to find out the effectiveness of folk tales in developing belonging to the Arab identity among children.

The researcher designed an illustrated scale to measure belonging among Riyadh children, and the research found that there are statistically significant differences due to the variable folk tales in the development of the values of belonging to the Arab identity among Riyadh children.

Through reviewing previous studies, the researcher found that there is a scarcity in previous studies conducted on Arabism, and this study differed from others in that it determines the Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022 and its relationship to spreading the spirit of Arabism among Palestinian youth.

• Statement of the problem:

The problem of the study is the following main question:

What are the Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022 and its relationship to spreading the spirit of Arabism among Palestinian youth?

• Questionsof the study:

The questions of the study are as follow:

–  What are the Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022?
– What is the level of Arabism among Palestinian youth after the World Cup in Qatar 2022?

• Purposes of the study:

 Defining the Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022.-

Determining the level of Arabism among Palestinian youth after the World Cup in Qatar 2022.-

• Definition of terms:

-The FIFA World Cup is a global football competition held under the supervision of the International Federation of Football Association (FIFA) and the World Cup has been held every four years since 1930, the last of which was held in November 2022.

– Arabism: Belonging to the content of Arab civilization appears in the relationship with the Arabic language, adherence to our land, homeland, customs and respected fundamentalist traditions, and characterization of the qualities of the Arabs for which they are famous, such as generosity, pride and originality.

First: Study Methodolog:

 In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach through which he tries to describe the phenomenon under study (Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022 and its relationship to spreading the spirit of Arabism among Palestinian youth) and analyze its data and indicate the relationship between its components and the opinions that are put forward about it and the processes it contains and the effects it causes, which is one of the forms of analysis and scientific interpretation organized to describe a specific phenomenon or problem and portray it quantitatively by collecting data and codified information about the phenomenon or problem, classifying and analyzing it. And subject them to careful studies.

Second: Study Population:

The study population consists of all members of the Palestinian community in the governorates of Gaza for the year 2023.

Third: Study Sample:

The study sample consisted of (470) members of the Palestinian community in Gaza governorates for the year 2023.

Fourth: Study Tool

The researcher built the questionnaire to show the level of Arabism among Palestinian youth, and the scale consisted of (20) items, and the five-point Likert method was adopted for the extent of the respondent’s response to the study tool (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree) so that this response is given a degree ranging between (5) degrees in the case of the answer (strongly agree) and (4) degree in the case of the answer with a degree of OK, and (3) degree in the case of the answer with a degree of neutral, and (2) degrees in the event of an answer that is not Agree, and (1) score if the answer is strongly disagree.

Fifth: Validityand Reliability:

1.Interrater validity:

The sincerity of the tool was confirmed in the manner of the sincerity of the arbitrators, as it was presented to a group of experienced and competent arbitrators numbering (8) arbitrators, where they referred to some amendments to some phrases that were taken into account for the formulation of the tool in its final form, whether by deleting or adding some phrases, and praised the appropriateness of the phrases such as describing metacognitive strategies and their use in teaching.

2. The validity of the internal consistency of the tool was verified by applying the tool to the study sample, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated between each paragraph of the questionnaire and its total score, using the statistical program (SPSS).

Table (1): Correlation coefficient of each questionnaire paragraph to the overall questionnaire

R** table at degree of freedom (28) and at significance level (0.01) = 0.463

R* table at degree of freedom (28) and at significance level (0.05) = 0.361

It is clear from the previous table that the correlation coefficients between the paragraphs and the total  score of the questionnaire are a sign at the level of significance (0.05, 0.01), which reassures the researcher to apply them to the study sample.

Reliability:

The researcher conducted steps to ensure the reliability of the tool after applying it to the members of the survey sample in two ways, namely the half fractionation and the Cronbach alpha coefficient ..

   :1.Split-Half Coefficient

The scores of the survey sample were used to calculate the reliability of the scale by the split – Half coefficient, where the researcher divided the tool into two halves, odd paragraphs versus even paragraphs for each paragraph of the questionnaire, by calculating the correlation coefficient between the two halves, then the length was adjusted using the Spearman-Brown equation and Table (2) shows that:                                                                                                        

Shows the coefficients of correlation between the two halves of the whole resolution

It is clear from the previous table that the total Reliability coefficient of the scale (0.839) and this indicates that the tool has a high degree of reliability that reassures the researcher to apply it to the study sample.

2. Cronbach’s alpha:

The researcher used another method of calculating reliability, which is the Cronbach alpha method, in order to find the reliability coefficient of the tool, where she obtained the value of the alpha coefficient of the questionnaire as a whole and Table (3) shows that

Table (3): Alpha Cronbach coefficients for questionnaire

As the table above shows, the overall reliability coefficient for questionnaire (0.866) indicates that the instrument has a high degree of reliability that the researcher would feel comfortable applying to the study sample.

• Results of the study

Answer to the first question of the study:

The text of the first question: “What are the Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022?”

To answer this question, the researcher reviewed the television channels that broadcast the activities of the World Cup in Qatar and the websites, YouTube and social networking sites that broadcast the activities of the World Cup, and the researcher found that the Arab features of the World Cup in Qatar in 2022 are:

• The opening of the World Cup with fragrant verses from the Holy Quran●
• Qatari youth Ghanim Al Muftah opened the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ ceremony with international actor Morgan Freeman in a dialogue that embodies East and West.

         Each stadium has a design and a connotation that returns to its Arab return, including:

■ Firtst: Al Bayt Stadium: It is from where the opening match begins, built in the form of a huge tent to cover the entire stadium, and takes its name

from the House of Poetry, which is the tent that the people of the Badia in Qatar and the Gulf region have inhabited throughout history.

    ■Second: Ahmed Bin Ali Stadium: It reflects the Qatari environment, and the external form shows the ripples of sand dunes and evokes the beauty of the desert and the local flora and fauna.

    ■Third: Al Janoub Stadium, located in Al Wakrah, was designed from the sails of traditional Qatari boats to celebrate the ancient history of Al Wakrah as a center for hunting and searching for pearls in the past.

  ■ Fourth: Khalifa Int Stadium, which is connected to the Qatar Olympic and Sports Museum, to show the place’s attachment to the past and history and pride in it as it moves towards building a bright future.

 ■ Fifth: Al Thumama Stadium: It reflects the Arab architecture and the stadium is designed in the form of a traditional gahfiya, which is the cap worn under the Ghutra and Aqal in the Arab countries, and indicates the common Arab culture, and emphasizes the depth of civilization and historical and cultural heritage.

■ Sixth: Education City Stadium: It is a model that blends traditional Islamic architecture and keeps pace with the modern character.

   ■ Seventh: Lusail Stadium: The canteen is reminiscent of the traditional Arabian lighthouse or lantern, and also evokes food bowls, utensils, and other pieces of art used in the past in the region.

 ■ Eighth: Stadium 974: The venue is a reminder of Qatar’s maritime and commercial heritage, and the number 974 not only refers to Qatar’s international calling code, but also to the number of shipping containers used in the construction of the stadium.

• A creative World Cup amulet symbolizes traditional headband and ghutra in the Gulf region, no doubt part of the manifest Arab culture.

▪︎ Official poster: One of the symbols of the tournament and the World Cup is the official poster welcoming guests, showing the headband that indicates the local culture accompanied by the word (Haya). It is mentioned here that the Arabic dictionaries mentioned the meanings of (Haya) as follows: “Haya: a tool of call, called by the distant distance or judgment. Their purpose is to alert the invitee to hear your speech. Haya: a verb noun that means faster” and perhaps the closest English translation is.” Come on”

▪︎ Strongly present the Palestinian cause by raising the Palestinian flag inside and outside the stadiums, whether by large segments of the audience present in the stands, or by some players during or after the performance of some.

▪︎ Evoking Arab history in the opening lyrics “Ask Charlemagne about Harun al-Rashid’s watch.”

. ▪︎ Solidarity among Arabs in encouraging Arab clubs during matches

. Evoking the heritage of Arabic literature in World Cup events▪︎

The Arabic touch in the gifts presented during the World Cup.

▪︎ Shemagh and Aqal that prevailed in a number of scenes (on the stage in gifts dolls in the form of a shemagh. )

▪︎  Poets in the closing ceremony Tamim Barghouti the Palestinian and Mohamed Ould Bemba the Mauritanian for poetry and poets is a lofty status, and a great value, as the presence of the Palestinian poet Tamim Barghouti wearing the Palestinian keffiyeh at the closing ceremony of the World Cup in Qatar 2022, while wearing the Palestinian keffiyeh, carries a very deep and intelligent message to the organizing committee to the whole world that Palestine is the cause of the entire Arab world.  The text of Barghouti’s speech was short and fast, and it lasted for about a minute, but each sentence was full of allegorical symbolism and historical intertextuality.

▪︎ Bisht “: The Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, has worn the captain of the Argentine national team “Bisht”, a traditional Qatari dress is a cloak worn by Arab men since ancient times, and is still used in the Gulf countries before receiving the World Cup. The scenes of the coronation of the Argentine leader in Bisht Qatari will be immortalized in history, and will be circulated by Arab generations with pride, for people who keep the images of beginnings and ends, and the image of the coronation of the legend Messi remains linked to Qatar and its traditions forever.

   ▪︎ The well-known World Cup logo, consisting of the white and burgundy colors of the Qatar flag, bears a number of connotations, including:

       _ The shape of the logo resembles an Arab shawl that is worn in different ways throughout the Arab world and all over the world.

               _ There are dots above and below the football in the logo that have meaning, they are used in Arabic above and below the letters and symbolize the richness of authentic Arabic calligraphy.

                  _ Kashida (lengthening) in the letter T, Q, which is a lengthening characteristic of Arabic calligraphy.

                    _︎ The motifs on the logo are floral motifs, such as those embroidered on the Qatari winter shawl, and these motifs are considered an authentic Arab art whose roots extend from the depths of the cultural stock in the Arab world.

  ▪︎ The imprint of Arab heritage in the opening and closing events of Arabic songs, and artistic and musical paintings characterized by dazzling and artistic creativity and reflected the extent of development and modernity experienced by the State of Qatar.

  ▪︎ The show is thrilling with a projection on the pitch and the performance is “about love and peace and that we are all a small part of a giant universe”. A sign that Arabs are advocates of love and peace.

Answer to the second question of the study:

The text of the second question: “What is the level of Arabism among Palestinian youth after the World Cup in Qatar 2022?

To answer this hypothesis, the researcher used averages and percentages, and the value of “T” and the following table illustrates this:

Table 5 : Arithmetic mean, relative weight and value of “T” for each paragraph of the questionnaire

It is clear from the previous table that the two highest paragraphs in the questionnaire were :

– Paragraph (2), which stated that “The opening of the World Cup with verses from the Holy Qur’an increased my adherence to the Islamic religion,” ranked first with a relative weight of (95.66%).

Paragraph (1), which stated “I felt proud while raising the Palestinian flags in the Qatar World Cup matches,” ranked second with a relative weight of (95.49%).

And that the lowest two paragraphs in the questionnaire were :

– Paragraph (8), which stated “I was pleased with the participation of Arab kings and presidents in the opening of the World Cup,” ranked thirty-fifth with a relative weight of (83.06%).

– Paragraph (17) which stated: “I felt angry when the Arab press mocked the Arab dress (the incident of the player Messi wearing the Arab abaya).” It ranked last with a relative weight of (82.13%) 

As for the total score of pan-Arabism level among the Palestinian youth after the World Cup in Qatar 2022, it got a relative weight of (90.29%). The researcher interprets it differently from the previous sessions, and the Palestinians found great support for them this time from the Arab masses by raising the Palestinian flags, not only in the stands and cheering for Palestine, but by wearing the Palestinian flag and holding events supporting Palestine in the fan areas as well, to the point that prompted some to say that Palestine is the missing presence in the game and it is the 33rd team participating in the tournament. Also, on this supporting occasion, the Arab fans found space on Arab land to express their longing, love and support for the Palestinian people, and the Arab masses excelled by raising large Palestinian flags in the matches, and the throats of the Arab fans chanted with singing For Palestine and the chants in support of Palestine, and this reaffirms that the cause of the Palestinian people imposes its presence in the hearts and consciences of the people of the nation, even in football events that people attend for fun and entertainment, the cause of Palestine was at the center of the scene, until it was said that this World Cup is truly “the World Cup of Palestine” and this all increased the spirit of Arabism among the youth of Palestine

Conclusion  and recommendations

– Including the concepts of Arabism and the Arab dimension in educational curricula while ensuring their availability in various educational activities, and paying attention to developing the effectiveness of institutions concerned with the behaviour of Arab citizenship, and increasing their influence in instilling and developing the behaviour of Arab belonging to strengthen interest in the Arab dimension in educational curricula.

– Intensifying programs aimed at preserving the Arab identity as an original goal, supporting Arab bodies concerned with spreading the Arabic language in foreign countries, taking care of its dissemination among Arab communities, and paying attention to programs to strengthen the position of the Arabic language as a carrier of Arab culture and the essence of identity.

– Working to correct the misconception about the culture of Arabs and Muslims, openness to other civilizations and cultures, and expanding translation from and into the Arabic language in a way that serves Arab culture and identity.

– Paying attention to citizenship and instilling its concepts in the curricula, and involving NGOs and governmental and non-governmental organizations in school programs and activities to enhance the Arab dimension and identity in the hearts of young people, paying attention of spreading the values of Islamic culture that call for tolerance and moderation in school curricula, and school activities, and establishing close cooperation relations with agencies Media to promote citizenship programs in its various episodes (national, Arab, and international).

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